Amerika Haus Berlin Video Lending Library - Historical Dictionary of Librarianship

The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, including American and world history, art, business, cities, countries, cultures, customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports, and theater. Written by experts, all contain highly informative introductory essays of the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periods but still manage to heavily feature more recent events.

Brief AZ entries describe the main people, events, politics, social issues, institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross-referenced for ease of browsing. Extensive bibliographies are divided into several general subject areas, providing excellent access points for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more. Additionally, maps, photographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high school and college students doing term papers or introductory research projects. In short, the historical dictionaries are the perfect starting point for anyone looking to research in these fields.

Historical Dictionaries of

Professions and Industries

Jon Woronoff, Series Editor

Japanese Business, by Stuart D. B. Picken, 2007.

Fashion Industry, by Francesca Sterlacci and Joanne Arbuckle, 2008.

Petroleum Industry, by M. S. Vassiliou, 2009.

Journalism, by Ross Eaman, 2009.

U.S. Maritime Industry, by Kenneth J. Blume, 2012.

Librarianship, by Mary Ellen Quinn, 2014.

Historical Dictionary of Librarianship

Mary Ellen Quinn

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD

Lanham Boulder New York Toronto Plymouth, UK

Published by Rowman & Littlefield

4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706

www.rowman.com

10 Thornbury Road, Plymouth PL6 7PP, United Kingdom

Copyright 2014 by Mary Ellen Quinn

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Quinn, Mary Ellen, 1949

Historical dictionary of librarianship / Mary Ellen Quinn.

pages cm. (Historical dictionaries of professions and industries)

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 978-0-8108-7807-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8108-7545-6 (ebook)

1. Library scienceHistoryDictionaries. 2. LibrariesHistoryDictionaries. 3. Information scienceHistoryDictionaries. I. Title.

Z1006.Q56 2014

020.3dc23

2013049443

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America.

What may be the first central academic library was organized at the Sorbonne in Paris, France, in 1289. In Great Britain, libraries were founded in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in the 13th century, followed by those of the Scottish universities in St. Andrews, Aberdeen, Glasgow, and Edinburgh in the 15th and 16th centuries.

The Harvard College Library, established in 1638, was the first library in the British colonies in America and was followed by the College of William and Mary, Yale College, the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), and Kings College (later Columbia University). As in Europe, collections grew largely through donations. The colonial colleges followed a classical model of education, meaning students relied on textbooks and had little need for libraries, which were barely accessible in any case. The job of the librarian, who might be a recent graduate, a junior faculty member, a college president, or even a janitor, was part-time and chiefly custodial. This model persisted well into the 19th century; the academic librarians who attended the Librarians Conferenceof 1853 operated the library as an extra duty.

Europe, on the other hand, had a tradition of scholarly librarianship, and beginning in the 1870s, several European countries introduced professional examinations and certification for university librarians. In Germany, the Gttingen University Library appointed the first full-time professional academic librarian in 1860. George Ticknor and other Americans who traveled to Europe were impressed by the library at Gttingen, which had over 200,000 volumes at a time when the collection at Harvard numbered 30,000. Americans were also impressed by the Gttingen model of advanced scholarship. Although Harvard University and Yale University had already established graduate schools, Johns Hopkins University, which opened in 1876, was the first American institution of higher learning to establish a program based on Gttingens example.

An expanded and diversified curriculum, changes in teaching methods, and the growing number of graduate programs called for a library that would offer more materials and better access. Like public libraries, academic libraries in the United States opened their stacks, liberalized their lending policies, and extended their hours. Harvard University provided 82 hours of library service per week in 1896, up from 48 in 1876. The increasingly complex problems related to maintaining academic libraries created a need for full-time librarians, who began to see themselves as a distinct group. The founding of the American Library Association (ALA) in 1876 gave impetus to a growing professional awareness, although the public-library focus of ALA meant that academic librarianship was sometimes relegated to a secondary role. A College Library Section (now the Association of College and Research Libraries, ACRL) was formed within ALA in 1889 to address academic librarians concerns.

In the 20th century, university library collections grew to such an extent that librarians began to see size as a major concern. The need to control growth was one of the factors leading to the development of plans for cooperative acquisitions. College library collections, on the other hand, were found to be inadequate. As a result of a study published in the 1930s, the Carnegie Corporation of New York awarded 83 grants to college libraries for improvement of book collections. The Carnegie Corporation also supported the development of standards. ALA published the first authoritative purchasing guide, Charles B. Shaws A List of Books for CollegeLibraries, in 1931, followed by Foster E. Mohrhardts A List of Books for Junior College Libraries in 1937. Numerical standards for book collections, staffing patterns, salaries, and book funds adopted by ALA were later incorporated into Standards for College Libraries, which was adopted in 1959. Standards for Junior College Libraries was adopted in 1960. Standards for University Libraries was prepared by ACRL and the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) in 1972; by that time university library standards had already been produced in Canada, Germany, and Great Britain. Standards for Libraries in Higher Education superseded earlier US standards in 2011. The standards developed for academic libraries in the United States have influenced the international standards.