DK - Explanatorium of History: From the First Tools to the Climate Crisis

Senior Editor Jenny Sich Senior Art Editor Stefan Podh orodecki Editorial team Kelsie Besaw , Mic helle Crane, Sam Kennedy , A nna Streiff ert Limerick, Georgina Palff y, Vicky Richards US Editor Megan Douglass Design team Sheila Collins, Mik Gates, Rachael Grady , J im Green, Kit Lane, Gregory McCarthy , L yn ne Moulding Illustr ators Ed Byrne, Dan Crisp, Simon Te gg, Jack Williams Picture Re searcher Sarah Hopper Creative Retouching Steve Croz ier Managing Editor Francesca B aines Managing Art Editor Philip Letsu Production Edito r George Nimmo Senior Production Contr oller Samantha Cross Senior Jacket D esigner Suhita Dharamjit Jackets Design Develo pment Manager Sophia MTT Senior DTP Designer Harish Aggarwal Senior Jackets Editorial Coord inator Priyanka Sharma Managing Jackets E ditor Saloni Singh Publisher Andrew Macintyr e Art Director Karen Self Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler Publishing Directo r Jonathan Metcalf Contributors Simon Adams, Pet er Chrisp, Amani Gordon, Susan Ke nnedy, Ann Kramer , Seun Matiluko, L izzie Munsey Consultant Philip Parke r Specialist co nsultants Dr. Fozia Bor a, Dr. Vivian Delgado, Pro fessor Ste ven Hooper , Dr. Jagjeet Lally , D r. Andy Pearce , Dr. Caroline Dodds Pennock, Dr . Leon Rocha, Robin Wal ker , Dr . Ogechukwu Williams, Professor Jamie Wilson First American Edition, 2021 Published in the United Stat es by DK Publishing 1450 Broadwa y, Suite 801, New Y or k, NY 10018 Copyright 20 21 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LL C 21 22 23 24 25 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001316699Nov/2021 All rights re served. Without limiting the rights under th e copyrigh t reserved abo ve, no part of this publication may be reproduce d, stored in or introduce d into a ret rieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, pho tocopyin g, recor ding, or otherwise), without the prior writte n permission of the copyrigh t owner . Published in Great Britain b y Dorling Kindersley Limited A catalog reco rd for this book is available fro m the Library of C ongress. ISBN: 978-0-7440-3960-3 Printed and bound in Dubai For t he cur io us www. dk.com Timeline of the ancient world Pottery is invented The Bronze Age begins 40 The wheel is invented The rst cities 44 Writing makes history A kingdom rises on the Nile 48 P haraohs rule ancient Egypt 50 Nubia rivals Egypt 52 Epic struggle The Iron Age begins 56 Phoenicians sail the seas Making money Persia beco mes a superpower The birth of democracy CIVILIZAT ION BEGINS Timeline of prehistory Humans evolve 14 T ools develop Humans migrate out of Africa Early humans make re 20 A rt begins Culture emerges Tak ing shelter 26 F arming changes everything Building the rst towns 30 Mysterious megaliths HUMANITY EMERGES This book was made with Fo rest Steward ship Council certi ed paper one small step in DKs commitment to a sustainable future . For more information go to www.dk.c om/our-green- pledge

Ancient Greek myths 66 A lexander the Great The rst Indian empire The Qin dynasty unies China 72 Silk Roads link East and West 74 Buddhism spreads across Asia The Mesoamerican ball game 78 D esert drawings 80 C elts dominate Europe The Romans build an empire Ancient Roman engineering Timeline of the medieval world 90 Barbarians invade Europe 92 Byzantine empire 94 Islam spreads 96 P olynesians sail the Pacic The world of the Maya The golden age of Imperial China 102 G unpowder changes w arfare 104 Vikings raid and tr ade 106 Islamic scientists spread k nowledge 108 Chola kings rule an Indian e mpire 110 W ork of art 112 Japan in the Heian era 114 Kingdoms of Africa TRADE TA KES OFF The Christian Church grows in power Medieval knights serve t heir lords The Crusades The Mongols conquer Asia The peoples of N orth America An empire built on salt and gold 128 L ost kingdom The empire of the Aztecs 132 The Inca rule a mountain e mpire 134 T rad e grows in Europe 136 Plague hits Europe The Ming dynasty r ules China Keeping time

Timeline of the age of industry 194 Napoleon wages war in Europe The colonization of Australia 198 Abolitionists ght to end s lavery 200 Latin America wins i ndependence The industrial revolution 204 T he dawn of a new era 206 R evolution grips Europe 208 M odern surgery is born 210 Z ulu warriors defend their k ingdom America expands west 214 F orced from their homelands The British rule India INDUSTRY RISES Timeline of the early modern world The Renaissance r evolutionizes ideas 148 E xplorers map the globe The Joseon kings rule Korea 152 Printing spreads ideas The Western Church splits The Spanish invade the Americas The kingdom of Benin The Ottomans build an e mpire 162 E uropean colonists come to North America 164 S afavid splendor The Qing dynasty takes c ontrol of China 168 Shoguns shape Japan 170 P irates plague the seas The Mughals unify India Modern science begins 176 O bserving nature Absolute monarchs 180 P eter the Great transforms R ussia The age of enlightenment The transatlantic slave trade The US ghts for i ndependence 188 R evolution sweeps Fr ance EMPIRES EXPA ND

Timeline of the modern world 252 Machines drive warfare 254 B attle devastation War transf orms society 258 R evolution rocks Russia The Great Depress ion shakes the world 262 F ascism rises in Europe War goes global 266 W ar hits home The Holocaust The dawn of the nuclear age The Part ition of India The creation of Israel The Cold Wa r divides the w orld 278 C ommunism grips China Fighting for civil rights Steam trains open up t he world 220 C ivil war divides the United States 222 Japan opens its borders Planning safer cities 226 A life of labor The end of imperial China Europeans colonize Africa 232 C ommunication connects t he world 234 M otor cars get the world m oving A new life in America 238 Shopping takes o 240 The doomed Endurance 242 Flight shrinks the world 244 C oal mining fuels industry 246 W omen win the vote Rise of teenage culture 284 L iberation in Africa Race to the moon 288 C omputers advance society The end of the Cold War 292 A partheid divides South A frica 294 O rbiting Earth The world goes online 298 China becomes a superpower Going global 302 D istanced dining The climate crisis TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES Glossary Index Acknowledgments REFERENCE

Our earl iest ancestor s were apelik e creatu res that lived in Africa 6 millio n years ago. Fro m these dist ant begi nnings, many species of early humans evolved, but our species Homo sapien s is the only one that rema ins. Earl y humans lea rned to use tools and harness re , and creat ed the worl ds rst art and music . As we began to farm the lan d and set tle in one pla ce, the rst t owns were buil t and human society began to tak e shape.