Thomas F King - Doing Archaeology: A Cultural Resource Management Perspective

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DOING ARCHAEOLOGY

To the memory of Adan E. Treganza, an archaeologist's archaeologist.

Point Reyes, California, from the 1965 archaeological field camp on Drake's Bay. A. E. Treganza, pencil on cardboard.

Doing Archaeology

A Cultural Resource Management Perspective

Thomas F. King

First published 2005 by Left Coast Press, Inc.

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Control Number 2005928675

ISBN-13: 978-1-59874-002-8 hardcover
ISBN-13: 978-1-59874-003-5 paperback

Contents

What's It Like? The Practice of Archaeological Research

Who Does What? Archaeological Roles in Cultural Resource Management and Beyond

Key Issues in Cultural Resource Management Archaeology

Archaeology Related Web Sites: A Small and Unsystematic Sample

Some Cultural Resource Laws and International Standards

This book is designed to be a general introduction to the practice of archaeologythe science of the human cultural past. More specifically, it's an introduction to the practice of archaeology in the context of what's called "cultural resource management" or just "CRM" in the United States, passing under names like "management of heritage" and "protecting patrimony" in other countries. I'm assuming that the typical reader will be a college student, maybe in an introductory anthropology class, maybe in some other discipline. It's estimated that CRM is about a US$600 million industry in this early twenty-first century, and the majority of students graduating from universities as archaeologists in the United States will spend at least some parts of their careers working in some aspect of CRM. So if you're a college student interested in archaeology, it's a good idea for you to read up on how CRM is practiced. If you're an instructor, I think you'll be doing your students a favor if you help them get a handle on CRM, and I hope this book will be a reasonably painless way to do so.

I hope this book will also speak to you if you're a precollege student, or not a formal student at all but just someone who wants an overview of the field, a sense of what it's like to do archaeology and maybe what you need to learn in order to do it. As I write this I also have in mind people in other lines of work who cross paths with archaeologists, have to work with them, and would like to have an idea what in the world they're about: The biologist who finds herself working with an archaeologist on an environmental impact statement, the farmer who finds an archaeologistor somebody who says he's an archaeologistknocking at the door wanting to walk around in the pasture and look for "sites."

Or perhaps you're someone whose ancestors, or special places, are interesting to archaeologists, and you're wondering why or what you ought to do about it. Maybe archaeologists are askingor neglecting to askpermission to look for or excavate places associated with your community's past, or maybe you're wondering whether and how it might be useful to you to work with archaeologists to protect or learn about such places. I hope this book can help you figure out what the archaeologists are up to, whether you ought to cooperate with them, how your interests may coincide or differ.

You may be a practitioner of a discipline other than archaeology that does "CRM," or historic preservation, or something of the kind. Maybe you're an architectural historian, or some other kind of historian, or a planner, a landscape architect, a historical architect, or a geographer, cultural anthropologist, sociologist, or folklife specialist. If you're in one of these fields, you may find yourself teaming up with, or contending with, archaeologists in your work. I hope this book will help you figure out what they're about.

Or maybe you're trying to build somethinga highway a housing project, a farm pondand a government agency is telling you that you need to hire an archaeologist or "CRM firm" to do a "survey" before they can release money to help you or issue you a permit. Maybe you work for a government agency and are trying to figure out what you have to do to comply with the cultural resource laws, or what requirements you ought to lay on somebody seeking your agency's help. Maybe you're a lawyer trying to develop a case, and you think you may need archaeologists as expert witnesses. Perhaps you're an environmental activist, or a concerned citizen, wondering if you can get some mileage out of archaeology in saving a valued place from development. You who pay the bills for cultural resource management, or just have to communicate with the people who do cultural resource management, have every right and reason to understand why you need to do it, and to develop a basis for judging what's worth buying and what's not. I hope this book will help you.

There are lots of other introductory archaeology textbooks, most of them oriented not toward cultural resource management but toward understanding archaeology as a research discipline. I'll refer to several of them later, and list some at the end. One set of books I'll refer to repeatedly is the Archaeologist's Toolkit, seven volumes in all, published in 2003 under the editorship of Larry Zimmerman and William Green.

No one but the author is responsible for the outlook that informs this book or the opinions and biases it expresses, but I'm grateful to R. Joe Brandon, Nancy Farrell, Chris Goodwin, Russ Kaldenberg, Claudia Nissley, and Rebecca Yamin for their contributions and advice, and to SWCA Environmental Consultants for encouragement and support.

I'm also thankful to Rob Edwards of Cabrillo College, Matt Seddon of SWCA, Steve Black of the University of Texas, and Joe Labadie of the U.S. National Park Service for sharing photos of archaeology in process; to Leaf Hillsman and the Karuk Tribal Council for permission to use a photograph of the World Renewal priest's lodge; to Arnold Nova of the Yurok Tribal Fisheries Department for permission to use the image of the 58-pound salmon; to Raymond Mattz Jr. and Sr. for permission to use their images with the same fish; and to Yurok Tribal Historic Preservation Officer Thomas Gates for putting me in touch with them. I'm also glad that my quest for illustrative material took me to the Web sites of Texas Beyond History and the Cabrillo College Archaeological Technology Program, which I'm happy to recommend to readers. My thanks also go to Bob McGimsey, Hester Davis, Jane Kellett, and Tom Green for the image of salvage archaeology in 1970, and for dropping whatever they had to drop to get it to me so promptly.

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