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Michael John Provost - Servitization and Physical Asset Management

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Michael John Provost Servitization and Physical Asset Management
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Servitization and Physical Asset Management, third edition, was developed to provide a structured source of guidance and reference information on the business opportunities linked to servitization and the management of physical assets.

A growing trend in the global economy, servitization focuses on the actual deliverables of an asset from the perspective of the customer: electricity instead of the power plant, thrust instead of the engine, mobility instead of a plane or a car.

The book offers high-level overviews of how to servitized and manage assets from a variety of perspectives, reviewing nearly 1,500 books, magazine articles, papers and presentations and websites.

Written by Michael J. Provost, Ph.D., and a subject matter expert in modeling, simulation, analysis and condition monitoring, Servitization and Physical Asset Management, third edition, is an invaluable reference to those considering providing asset management services for the products they design and manufacture. It is also meant to support middle management wishing to know what needs to be done to look after the assets they are responsible for and who to approach for help, and academics doing research in this field.

Michael Provost, is a British engineer with a doctoral degree in thermal power from Cranfield University.

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Servitization and Physical Asset Management

Back Matter

Print ISBN: 978-0-7680-9486-2

eISBN: 978-0-7680-9488-6

DOI: 10.4271/R-479

appendix A: simplified servitization example
Customer details:
  • Iron ore railways in Western Australia.

    • 1,100 km of railway connecting mines to seaport.

  • Typical operation:

    • 16 trains/day.

    • 250 wagons/train.

    • AU$1m profit/train.

    • 1 in 2,000 chance of wagon having a fault.

    • 1 in 18 chance of fault causing wagon to derail.

    • No trains for one day while derailment dealt with.

    • AU$250k to deal with each derailment.

Customer requirement:
  • Eliminate derailments.

  • Real need: ore throughput.

Customer economics:
  • No of derailments/year:

    • 16 trains/day @ 250 wagons/train = 4,000 wagons/day running on the railway.

    • 4,000 1/2,000 = 2 wagon faults/day, on average.

    • On average, every 18th fault causes a derailment.

      • There is a derailment, on average, every 9 days.

    • Average number of derailments/year = 365 9 .

  • Average yearly derailment costs= 40 (16 AU$1m + AU$0.25m) = AU$650m/year .

Servitization economic opportunity:
  • Set up a service to remove faulty wagons: running costs of AU$10m/year .

  • Buy a bulldozer to knock faulty wagons detected out of train formations: cost AU$100k .

  • Set up advanced computer system to detect faulty wagons: cost AU$10m .

  • Charge AU$300k/day (30% profit from one train/day) for a zero-derailment guarantee.

  • Earnings AU$100m/year , for as long as the ore is mined.

  • Experience of detecting and dealing with faulty wagons can be used with other customers.

  • Customer saves AU$540m/year (after costs) from avoided derailments.

  • Value split: 84% customer/16% service provider .

  • Risk: for each derailment, customer demands AU$16.25m compensation.

(N.B. Example and all figures notional, for demonstration purposes only.)

appendix B: power system example
Introduction

This appendix discusses a fictitious but realistic electric power system consisting of five solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays, two wind turbines, and three fuel cells that are connected together to provide electric power for a remote Pacific island community. This fictitious system was inspired by the work of the Renewable Energy Development Division of the Office of the Prime Minister, Government of the Cook Islands ( Renewable Energy Development Division ). However, readers should note that the simulation was created using notional data and assumptions purely to generate data that has been used to demonstrate many of the points made. This simulation does not claim to represent a functionally acceptable, economically viable, or physically realizable system and the inputs, outputs, and simulated faults do not necessarily reflect the actual functionality, performance, deterioration, failure modes, or reliability of any hardware that is in development or commercially available, either currently or in the future.

The Scenario

Palmerston Island Atoll is a small group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, just south of the Equator in Polynesia (). Following many years of living without electricity, the islanders have finally had an electric power system installed that meets their requirements of self-sufficiency and low environmental impact. The system supplies electricity for the islanders own use and powers a lighthouse and marker buoys (a shipwreck would devastate the atolls ecology and destroy the islanders way of life), a medical center, satellite communications, and drinking water purification and supply. Any excess electricity is used to charge a battery bank and also to produce hydrogen for fuel cell-powered boats, enabling the islanders to move around the atoll without the expense, noise, and exhaust pollution that would result from using costly, imported diesel fuel. The islanders lifestyle requires very little electricity and there are few, if any, legacy electrical items on the atoll, so power generation and distribution requirements are low because any new electrical equipment is considered to be reasonably efficient.


FIGURE B1 Palmerston Island Atoll source Wikipedia Creative Commons The - photo 1
FIGURE B.1 Palmerston Island Atoll (source Wikipedia Creative Commons).

The HOMER package mentioned in shows the system layout, based on that displayed by the HOMER software. Note that, by default, HOMER shows only one icon for each equipment type, so the author has modified the standard HOMER diagram in order to show more clearly the equipment configuration modelled. Note that:

  • The hydrogen load (a tank providing a source of fuel for powering small boats), electrical base load, and deferrable load (water pumps, etc.) were sized for demonstration purposes only: in reality these assumed levels would not necessarily meet the islanders needs.

  • The converter, electrolyzer, hydrogen tank, and battery (L16P) were sized for demonstration purposes.

  • Solar irradiation data was sourced by HOMER from NASAs surface solar energy dataset, as described in the HOMER help file.


FIGURE B2 Palmerston Island Atoll HOMER power system model Fuel Cell and - photo 2
FIGURE B.2 Palmerston Island Atoll HOMER power system model.

Fuel Cell and Wind Turbine Modelling

shows an example of a type of stationary fuel cell power unit that could be used in the scenario described. A notional smaller version of this system was modelled in HOMER.


FIGURE B3 Typical 5 kW stationary power fuel cell unit source Intelligent - photo 3
FIGURE B.3 Typical 5 kW stationary power fuel cell unit (source Intelligent Energy Ltd.: reproduced with permission).

, fuel cells are sized to deliver the required current and arranged in stacks to deliver the required voltage and power.


FIGURE B4 Proton Exchange Membrane PEM fuel cell source Wikipedia Creative - photo 4
FIGURE B.4 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell (source Wikipedia Creative Commons).

For fuel cell modelling demonstration purposes, notional public domain data was used ( Larminie and Dicks shows the output from a web-based calculator of as-new fuel cell stack performance, sized to give a net system output of approximately 3 kW (after accounting for system parasitic losses).


FIGURE B5 Fuel cell stack performance calculations source Professor Jason - photo 5
FIGURE B.5 Fuel cell stack performance calculations (source Professor Jason Keith, Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University: see www.chem.mtu.edu/~jmkeith/fuelcellcalculator/h2fuelcellpvcalculator.swf: reproduced with permission).

The public domain logic was converted into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (. These calculations were then run at the assumed hourly environmental conditions and at one-third of each of the three-hourly fuel cell system net power outputs from the HOMER model to create simulated measurements for the three modelled fuel cell systems.

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