University - Continuing classical Latin
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About this free course
This OpenLearn course provides a sample of Level 3 study in Arts and Humanities: http://www.open.ac.uk/courses/find/arts-and-humanities.
This version of the content may include video, images and interactive content that may not be optimised for your device - www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/classical-studies/continuing-classical-latin/content-section-0
You can experience this free course as it was originally designed on OpenLearn, the home of free learning from The Open University
There youll also be able to track your progress via your activity record, which you can use to demonstrate your learning.
The Open University,
Walton Hall, Milton Keynes
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Copyright 2016 The Open University
Intellectual property
Unless otherwise stated, this resource is released under the terms of the Creative Commons Licence v4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en_GB. Within that The Open University interprets this licence in the following way: www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/frequently-asked-questions-on-openlearn. Copyright and rights falling outside the terms of the Creative Commons Licence are retained or controlled by The Open University. Please read the full text before using any of the content.
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978-1-4730-1844-0 (.kdl)
978-1-4730-1076-5 (.epub)
This course features a discussion that shows how languages develop a spoken language is constantly undergoing change while written language is more conservative. In its second part it also looks at the evolution of Latin into the Romance languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian and others.
The discussions throughout this course are between Professor Geoffrey Horrocks and Dr James Clackson, both of the Faculty of Classics, Cambridge University.
This OpenLearn course provides a sample of Level 3 study in Arts and Humanities.
After studying this course, you should be able to:
- demonstrate an awareness of the general differences between spoken and written languages
- demonstrate an awareness of how spoken Latin developed into the later Romance languages
- demonstrate an awareness of some early Latin forms of words, as found in Plautus and archaic Latin
- demonstrate an awareness of Latins place within the wider Indo-European tradition of languages.
The spoken language is the living form of a language and all spoken languages are constantly undergoing change. Written languages tend to be more conservative, and associated by speakers with the correct or standard language.
Some linguistic changes, particularly in the use of individual slang words, are short-lived in the spoken language, but others take hold and become general among the whole population. For example, in English the letter r is still written after vowels, but no longer pronounced by most speakers in central and southern England in words such as for, farm, car, cart, potter, and so on. This change is gradually spreading through the dialects of English, as younger speakers in the north adopt pronunciations without r.
Now listen to the following audio conversations between James Clackson and Geoffrey Horrocks.
Audio content is not available in this format.
History of language
Audio content is not available in this format.
Changes in language
The Roman elite had ideas very similar to ours about the written form of their language. They also thought that it was the correct form of language, and they would poke fun at people who spoke in a way that they considered incorrect.
Example: Catullus (c. 84-c. 54 BCE), Roman Poet, Poem 84
Chommoda dicebat, si quando commode uellet
Dicere, et insidias Arrius hinsidias,
Et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum
Cum quantum poterat dixerat hinsidias.
Arrius used to say hadvantages, when he meant to say advantages, and hambushes when he wanted to say ambushes. He would think that he had spoken splendidly, when he had said hambushes as loud as he could.
Arrius spoke a variety of Latin which had lost h- at the beginning of words, and he overcompensates by adding h- to words which never had it. Overcompensation of this type in linguistics is called hypercorrection.
Now listen to the following audio conversation between James Clackson and Geoffrey Horrocks.
Audio content is not available in this format.
Changes in form of speech
Spoken Latin, not the written Latin of literary works, was the variety which evolved into the Romance languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian and other languages. Whether two different linguistic varieties are deemed to be the same language or not is not wholly a linguistic issue, but relies upon political and cultural factors as well.
Latin vocabulary survives in these languages, although sometimes the sounds have changed quite radically. Latin calidus hot becomes Italian caldo
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