Balungi Francis - What is Real?

WHAT IS REAL?

Space -Time Singularities or Quantum Black Holes? Dark Matter or Planck Mass Particles? General Relativity or Quantum Gravity? Volume or Area Entropy Law?

BALUNGI FRANCIS

Copyright BalungiFrancis, 2020

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All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study or critism or review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, or by any information storage and retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publisher.

DEDICATION

To Carlo Rovelli

PREFACE

O ur search for ultimate understandingthe Quantum Theory of Gravityhas long been the quest of such great scientists as Aristotle, Newton, Einstein, Hawking, Carlo Rovelli and many others, and is expected to transform science, providing clarity and understanding that is unknown today, ideally via one single overlooked principle in nature. So far, this quest has produced theories such as Special Relativity, General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, and such recent proposals as "Dark Matter" and "Dark Energy" in cosmology. Yet these all suffer serious internal problems and compatibility issues with each other, introducing even more questions, mysteries and paradoxesand often even violations of our laws of physics upon closer examination. As a result, the Quantum Theory of Gravity continues to elude us, leaving a fractured and divided scientific community with no clear direction forward. This has also resulted in the mathematisation of physics which has resulted in the reduction of the cosmos to a mathematical entity, which has not only confused physicists but accounts for their worst and most distracting assertions. This book makes a first case for the latter, with clear discussions exposing the flaws in the above concepts and more, while stepping back to take a good look at the scientific legacy we have inherited.This wonderful and exciting book is optimal for physics graduate students and researchers. The physical explanations are exceedingly well written and integrated with formulas. Quantum Gravity is the next big thing and this book will help the reader understand and use the theory.

Balungi Francis 2020

Space-time Singularity or Quantum Black Holes?

I t has been known for some time that a star more than three times the size of our Sun collapses in this way, the gravitational forces of the entire mass of a star overcomes the electromagnetic forces of individual atoms and so collapse inwards. If a star is massive enough it will continue to collapse creating a Black hole, where the whopping of space time is so great that nothing can escape not even light, it gets smaller and smaller. The star in fact gets denser as atoms even subatomic particles literally get crashed into smaller and smaller space, and its ending point is of course a space time singularity.

In summary, a Black hole is that object created when a dying star collapses to a singular point, concealed by an event horizon, it is so dense and has such strong gravity that nothing, including light, can escape it, black holes are predicted by general relativity, and though they cannot be seen, several have been inferred from astronomical observations of binary stars and massive collapsed stars at the centers of galaxies.

Black holes formed by gravitational collapse require great energy density but there exists a new breed of Black holes that where formed in the early universe after the bigbang, where the energy density was much greater allowing the formation of Primordial Black holes with masses ranging from, . Therefore the formation of primordial, min or quantum black holes was due to density perturbations or fluctuations forming in it a gravitational collapse in the early universe.

A Black hole might not actually be a physical object in space but rather a mathematical singularity, a prediction of Einsteins General Relativity theory, a place where the solutions of Einstein differential equations break down. A spacetime singularity therefore is a position in space where quantities used to determine the gravitational field become infinite; such quantities include the curvature of spacetime and the density of matter. Singularities are places where both the curvature and the energy-density of matter become infinitely large such that light can not escape them. This happens for example inside black holes and at the beginning of the early universe.

Singularities in any physical theory indicate that either something is wrong or we need to reformulate the theory itself. Singularities are like dividing something by zero. The problems in General relativity arise from trying to deal with a point in space or a universe that is zero in size (infinite densities). However, quantum mechanics suggests that there may be no such thing in nature as a point in space-time, implying that space-time is always smeared out, occupying some minimum region. The minimum smeared-out volume of space-time is a profound property in any quantized theory of gravity and such an outcome lies in a widespread expectation that singularities will be resolved in a quantum theory of gravity. This implies that the study of singularities acts as a testing ground for quantum gravity.

Loop quantum gravity (LQG) suggests that singularities may not exist. LQG states that due to quantum gravity effects, there must be a minimum distance beyond which the force of gravity no longer continues to increase as the distance between the masses become shorter or alternatively that interpenetrating particle waves mask gravitational effects that would be felt at a distance. It must also be true that under the assumption of a corrected dynamical equation of LQ cosmology and brane world model, for the gravitational collapse of a perfect fluid sphere in the commoving frame, the sphere does not collapse to a singularity but instead pulsates between a maximum and minimum size, avoiding the singularity.