Jon Richards - Forces

Please visit our website, www.garethstevens.com. For a free color catalog of all our high-quality books, call toll free 1-800-542-2595 or fax 1-877-542-2596. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Richards, Jon. | Simkins, Ed. Title: Forces / Jon Richards and Ed Simkins. | Series: Science in infographics | Includes glossary and index. | Series: Science in infographics | Includes glossary and index.

Identifiers: ISBN 9781538242995 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781538243022 (library bound) | ISBN 9781538243008 (6 pack) Subjects: LCSH: Force and energy--Juvenile literature. | Information visualization -Juvenile literature. Classification: LCC QC73.4 R47 2020 | DDC 531.6--dc23 Published in 2020 by Gareth Stevens Publishing 111 East 14th Street, Suite 349 New York, NY 10003 Copyright 2020 Wayland, a division of Hachette Childrens Group All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer. Printed in the United States of America CPSIA compliance information: Batch #CS19GS: For further information contact Gareth Stevens, New York, New York at 1-800-542-2595. CONTENTS GRAVITY When you throw something up into the air, you know that it will fall back down to Earth.

This is caused by a force known as gravity and it affects everything in the universe. USING GRAVITY While overcoming gravity makes it difficult for us to send objects out into space, we can use it to produce electricity, explore outer space, and discover distant worlds. RUBBING TOGETHER When two substances rub together, they produce a force called friction. This force can make it harder to move objects, but it is very helpful when slowing things down. STREAMLINING AND RESISTANCE Moving through air and water can be difficult, especially if an object is the wrong shape. GETTING FASTER If no force acts on an object, it will either stay still or move along at a constant speed. GETTING FASTER If no force acts on an object, it will either stay still or move along at a constant speed.

If you add a force, such as accelerating or braking, the objects speed may increase, it may change direction, or even both. PRESSURE Pressure is a force that is caused by objects pushing against each other. This can be the force of the atmosphere pushing down on you, the prick of a sharp needle, or the crushing forces deep in the ocean. USING PRESSURE We can use changes in pressure to move objects and material, to get off the ground, to see how our bodies are performing, and to predict what weather conditions are heading our way. LEVERS AND WEDGES Levers and wedges are simple machines that use forces to move objects, making it easier for us to lift things or push them along. RAMPS AND SCREWS Ramps are also known as inclined planes.

They are used to make it easier to raise objects. Screws are simply inclined planes that are wrapped around a central core. WHEELS AND PULLEYS Wheels act as circular levers, moving a force around a central fulcrum (see pages 1819), called an axle. They also reduce friction by rolling over surfaces to move objects and loads (see pages 89). Pulleys use sets of wheels to make lifting and pulling loads easier. ATOMIC FORCES Atoms are some of the smallest and most basic pieces of matter in the universe, but they pack a powerful punch.

They can be used to help heal people and to generate electricity. MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM Magnetism is a natural force that can attract objects or push them away. Magnets can come in all shapes and sizes, from tiny nails to entire planets. USING MAGNETS Magnets and magnetism can be used to tell us which way to go and how fast Earth is moving. They can also produce electricity and move things around with incredible force and speed. air resistance A force that acts in the opposite direction to the one an object is moving in. air resistance A force that acts in the opposite direction to the one an object is moving in.

It is produced by the surface of the object rubbing against air molecules. angle of attack The angle at which a wing is set. atmospheric pressure Pressure produced by air pushing on an object. aurorae Bands of colored lights that occur high in the atmosphere close to the polar regions. They are caused by charged particles from the sun interacting with molecules in the air. deceleration When something gets slower and slower. deceleration When something gets slower and slower.