John Farndon - Project Science

Published in 2020 by Windmill Books, an imprint of Rosen Publishing 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010 Copyright 2020 Miles Kelly Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer. Publishing Director: Belinda Gallagher Creative Director: Jo Cowan Senior Editor: Amy Johnson Designers: Simon Lee, Andrea Slane Consultant: Ian Graham Indexer: Marie Lorimer Image Manager: Liberty Newton Production: Elizabeth Collins, Jennifer Brunwin-Jones Reprographics: Stephan Davis Assets: Lorraine King Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Farndon, John. Title: Project science / John Farndon. Description: New York: Windmill Books, 2020. | Series: The project makers | Includes index.

Identifiers: ISBN 9781538392348 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781725393066 (library bound) | ISBN 9781538392355 (6 pack) Subjects: LCSH: Science--Experiments--Juvenile literature. | Science projects--Juvenile literature. Classification: LCC Q164.F37 2019 | DDC 507.8--dc23 Manufactured in the United States of America CPSIA Compliance Information: Batch #BW20WM: For Further Information contact Rosen Publishing, New York, New York at 1-800-237-9932 How to use the projects This book is packed full of amazing facts about science. There are also 11 cool projects, designed to make the subject come alive.Before you start a project:Always ask an adult to help you.Read the instructions carefully.Gather all the supplies you need.Clear a surface to work on and cover it with newspaper.Wear an apron or old T-shirt to protect your clothing.Notes for helpers:Children will need supervision for the projects, usually because they require the use of scissors, orpreparation beforehand.Read the instructions together before starting and help to gather the equipment. IMPORTANT NOTICE The publisher and author cannot be held responsible for any injuries, damage, or loss resulting from the use or misuse of any of the information in this book. SAFETY FIRST! Be careful when using glue or anything sharp, such as scissors. CONTENTS Energys wing Reaction rocket Parachute power Bottlec rusher Sink or float! The big freez Make an ex plosion! Static snake Make a compass Build a periscope Water music Energize! Energy is what you need to make things happen.

Scientists say it is the ability to perform work. It takes many forms, but you cant either create it or destroy it. When you use energy, you simply swap it to another form. Force and motion A force is a push or pull. It changes the speed, direction, or shape of something. Objects have natural inertia - they only move when forced.

Once moving, they have momentum, meaning they move at the same speed and direction until forced to change. Pulling together When you drop something, it doesnt just fall of its own accord. It falls because its pulled toward Earth by a force called gravity. Gravity is what keeps us on the ground, and why the planets go around the Sun. Pushing it Pressure is the amount of force acting over an area. Air and water exert pressure as they push against their surroundings.

This is the combined effect of the molecules in water and air constantly moving, whizzing around at speeds of 932 miles (1,500 km)/h or more. Floating and flying Its amazing that heavy airplanes can fly, and big ships can float. After all, even a tiny stone will fall through the air and sink in water. But both planes and ships use their shape to maximize the support given by molecules, which give lift in air and buoyancy in water. The littlest things All matter is built up from tiny pieces called atoms. Atoms are so minuscule, two billion could fit on this period.

Scientists once thought atoms were the smallest things of all, but it was then discovered that they are actually more like clouds - mostly empty space, dotted with even tinier subatomic particles. It's chemistry Theres an unimaginable number of different substances in the universe. Yet they are all made up from just over 100 basic chemicals, known as elements, such as gold, iron, and carbon. Each element has its own unique kind of atom. What's the matter? Every substance in the universe - everything thats not just empty space - consists of matter. It has three main forms - solid, liquid, and gas.

These are called the states of matter. They seem different, but they can switch from one to the other and back if the temperature and pressure is right. Getting a reaction When you see a candle burn, metal go rusty, or a cake rise in the oven, you are seeing a chemical reaction. This is when different chemicals meet and react, changing each other to form new chemicals. Some reactions are slow and gentle, but others are explosive. Sparks flying Electricity is a form of energy.

It comes from electrons, the tiny particles that whiz around the nucleus of atoms. Electrons carry a negative electrical charge, which means they have an attraction to protons, which have a positive charge. Electricity is the charge on countless electrons working together.