Elizabeth Elkins - Investigating Tornadoes
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- Cernak, Linda. The Science of a Tornado. Disaster Science. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Cherry Lake Publishing, 2016.
- Garbe, Suzanne. Threatening Skies: Historys Most Dangerous Weather. Dangerous History. North Mankato, Minn.: Capstone Press, 2014.
- Tarshis, Lauren. I Survived The Joplin Tornado, 2011. I Survived. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 2015.
- What specific conditions are needed for a tornado to form? (Key Ideas and Details)
- How are tornadoes measured? Describe the system. (Key Ideas and Details)
- How could climate change affect the weather? (Key Ideas and Details)
It was April 26, 1989. The country of Bangladesh was suffering from a major drought. The president asked the people to pray for rain. Just hours later the worst tornado in the worlds history touched down in the Manikganj district. The tornado swept eastward, creating a path of destruction that was 10 miles (16 kilometers) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) wide. Bangladesh is one of the most heavily populated countries in the world. Most of its people are poor and live in weak shelters. The tornado destroyed every building within 2.5 square miles (6 square km). Twenty villages were destroyed, and 1,300 people died. Heavy rains and hail pummeled the district, and most of the peoples crops were destroyed.
People in Bangladesh walk near ruins in April 1989 after a deadly tornado ripped through their city.
Tornadoes are one of the worlds deadliest natural disasters. They often strike with very little warning. They can destroy everything in their paths, tossing buildings and cars into the air and flattening houses. For people in many parts of the world, the sound of a tornado warning siren is one of the most frightening sounds theyll ever hear.
The sky turns dark in the distance. The clouds above echo with low rumbles of thunder. Thunderstorms bring rain, thunder, and lightning. Heavy downpours, strong winds, and hail are also possible. And a few thunderstorms bring something elsetornadoes. But how does a thunderstorm lead to the formation of a tornado? First, its important to understand how thunderstorms develop.
Thunderstorms form when warm, moist air rises. An updraft of wind pushes the warm air high into the sky. The water vapor in the air cools and forms.
As water droplets in the cloud increase, the cloud can no longer hold in the moisture. The water falls as rain or hail. The air moving with the precipitation is called a downdraft. The downdraft is made of cool air. As the storm grows, more updrafts of wind and downdrafts may form.
A thunderstorm usually dies within 30 minutes. By this time the rain and downdraft have usually cooled the air around the storm. Then there is no more warm air feeding the storm with moisture.
Not every thunderstorm generates tornadoes. Monstrous storms called supercells are the storms that most often cause tornadoes. These storms have strong winds that can create a swirling column of air. This rotating column of air is called a mesocyclone. The mesocyclone is typically 2 to 10 miles (3.2 to 16 km) wide. It can reach 50,000 feet (15,240 meters) into the sky. In approximately three out of 10 supercells, the mesocyclone forms a tornado.
The elevated winds in a supercell keep the storm going. The high-level wind blows faster than the wind below. This causes the supercell to lean forward. As the storm leans, the two types of winds are pulled apart. Because the downdraft winds and updraft winds are separated, the updraft winds do not cool down. Warm, moist air keeps feeding the storm, so the storm doesnt die out quickly. A supercell can last for hours.
If a spinning mesocyclone starts reaching toward the ground, it is called a in a short amount of time.
Scientists have several ideas about how tornadoes form. One idea is that the mesocyclone moves downward when the winds beneath it are weak. The slow-moving air below the mesocyclone is drawn upward and starts to spin. The spinning column then grows larger, pulling the air lower until it touches the ground.
A sinking current of air at the back of the storm may also play a role in the formation of a tornado. This downdraft of dry air moves toward the ground. As it moves, it may wrap around the spinning mesocyclone and pull it down. The rotating column of air stretches and gets thinner. Finally, the mesocyclone reaches the ground.
A tornado swept through Elie, Manitoba, in Canada in 2007.
Tornadoes can form at any time of day. But they are most likely to occur in the afternoon or evening.
There are places in the world that are more likely to have tornadoes. The United States experiences the biggest, most deadly tornadoes. More than 75 percent of the worlds tornadoes happen in the United States. They are especially likely to happen in Tornado Alley. This is a name given to the area of the United States that includes the states of Texas, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Ohio. Tornadoes are common in this area because the land is flat. There are no mountains to stop warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico from moving north. It meets cooler, dry air coming from Canada. The meeting point of cool air and warm air makes thunderstorms more likely to develop.
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