Cindy Blobaum - Skulls and Skeletons!: With 25 Science Projects for Kids
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- Book:Skulls and Skeletons!: With 25 Science Projects for Kids
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What would happen if you had no bones? You might fall over flat on the floor!
Bones are those hard parts of our bodies that make up our skeletons and skulls, and we need them in lots of different ways. In Skulls and Skeletons! With 25 Science Projects for Kids, readers learn about the bones in their bodies and why we cant live without them. And bones arent just good for humansmany animals cant live without them! But do all animals have bones? No, they dont! And why do fish look so much different from birds, even though both have bones? Organisms use their bodies in different ways to successfully live in different habitats. For example, a birds light bones are great for flying, but would not support them deep in the ocean.
Skulls and Skeletons! encourages readers to learn as they compare and contrast their own bones with those of other vertebrates. They make working models, measure bone lengths and brain capacity, learn how to identify skulls and bones by shape, structure, and functions, and much more! Bones provide the framework that allow our muscles and organs to do their jobs. They also protect important body parts, provide a place for muscles to attach, and even make our blood. By exploring the skeletons that make up our bodies, kids gain foundational knowledge about how bodies work and what people can do to stay healthy.
Skulls and Skeletons! includes hands-on STEM activities and critical thinking exercises related to anatomy and biology. Fun facts, links to online primary sources and other supplemental material, and essential questions encourage readers to take a deep dive inside their own bodies!
Nomad Press books integrate content with participation. Common Core State Standards, the Next Generation Science Standards, and STEM Education all place project-based learning as key building blocks in education. Combining content with inquiry-based projects stimulates learning and makes it active and alive. Nomads unique approach simultaneously grounds kids in factual knowledge while allowing them the space to be curious, creative, and critical thinkers.
Cindy Blobaum: author's other books
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Nomad Press
A division of Nomad Communications
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Copyright 2019 by Nomad Press. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from
the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review or for limited educational use.
The trademark Nomad Press and the Nomad Press logo are trademarks of Nomad Communications, Inc.
Educational Consultant, Marla Conn
Questions regarding the ordering of this book should be addressed to
Nomad Press
2456 Christian St.
White River Junction, VT 05001
www.nomadpress.net
Printed in the United States of America.
TIMELINE
500 MILLION YEARS AGO:
The first bones appear in jawless, fishlike animals.
125,000 YEARS AGO:
Early humans start using animal bones as tools.
40,000 YEARS AGO:
Early Europeans make flutes from vulture and other bird bones.
C. 3000 BCE:
Ancient Egyptians write about medical treatments for bones.
C. 400 BCE:
A Greek doctor named Hippocrates writes about treating dislocated and broken bones with bandages and splints.
C. 315 BCE:
A Greek scientist named Aristotle compares, describes, and classifies about 540 different kinds of animals. He writes that humans are the only animals to walk on two legs and have knees that bend forward.
1730s:
British surgeon John Hunter discovers that bones are living tissue.
1543:
Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius publishes an important anatomy book.
C. 1511:
Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci studies skeletons. He realizes that the part of the skeleton labelled as a knee on most animals is actually the ankle.
C. 180 CE:
A Greek doctor named Galen dissects dogs, pigs, and monkeys and studies a human skeleton. He gives a good description of the human skull and muscles.
1736:
Bonesetter Sally Mapp is paid to live in Epsom, England, to treat injured people and animals. She moves fractured or dislocated bones back into their proper places so they can heal correctly.
17491788:
French naturalist Louis Jean Marie Daubenton compares the anatomy of 82 quadrupeds plus many other animals for Buffons Natural History.
1780:
Swiss doctor Jean-Andre Venel opens the first clinic for treating skeletal deformities in children.
1868:
For the first time ever, a dinosaur skeleton is put on display in the Academy of Natural Science Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1875:
Welsh surgeon Hugh Owen Thomas invents a splint to keep the ends of bones together and motionless.
2018:
Researchers are experimenting with putting stem cells taken from a persons own fat cells onto their damaged bones to help the bones heal faster.
1988:
American Jeannie Peeper starts a foundation to raise funds so scientists can study the rare condition that makes her body grow a second skeleton.
1956:
Dr. E. Donnall Thomas performs the first successful bone marrow transplant in Cooperstown, New York, to help a patient fight leukemia.
1895:
German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers X-rays.
This book is about hard stuff! But not stuff thats hard to understand. Instead, this book is about objects that are as hard as rocks. In fact, these objects are made of many of the same things as some rocks!
This book is about bones! Reach your arm around and feel the middle of your back. Touch the hard bumps that start where your head and neck meet. Feel the bumps all the way down to your bottom.
WORDS TO KNOW
bone: hard, connective tissue in an animals body that provides support, protection and a place for muscle attachment. Blood is produced in some bones.
spine: a line of connected bones called vertebrae that runs down the back of an animal with bones. Also known as a backbone.
vertebrate: any animal that has a spine.
You are feeling your spine! Animals that have spines are called vertebrates . Your spine and the spines of most vertebrates are made of bones. That is why another word for spine is backbone.
In most vertebrates, the backbones go clear down to the tip of their tails. For animals without tailssuch as frogs, gorillas, chimpanzees, and peoplethe backbones stop at the ends of their bodies.
A CHEST X-RAY SHOWING A HUMAN SPINE. CAN YOU ALSO SPOT THE RIBS?
CREDIT: MIKAEL HGGSTRM (CC0 1.0)
Vertebrate animals include mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , and fish . Mammals and birds are warm-blooded animals, while reptiles, amphibians, and fish are cold-blooded animals.
WORDS TO KNOW
mammal: a warm-blooded vertebrate animal, such as a human, dog, or cat. Mammals feed milk to their young and usually have hair or fur covering most of their skin.
bird: a warm-blooded vertebrate animal with feathers covering most of its body. Birds hatch from eggs and most have wings that help them fly. Turkeys, ducks, and penguins are birds.
reptile: a cold-blooded vertebrate animal such as a snake, lizard, alligator, or turtle, that has a spine, lays eggs, has scales or horny plates, and breathes air.
amphibian: a cold-blooded vertebrate animal, such as a toad, frog, or salamander. Amphibians live on land and in the water.
fish: a vertebrate animal that lives in water, uses gills to breathe, and usually hatches from an egg. Fish do not have any limbs and most have scales. Goldfish, eels, and sharks are fish.
warm-blooded: an animal that can create its own body heat.
cold-blooded: an animal whose body temperature changes with the air or water temperature around it.
skull: the bone case that holds in place and protects the brain and other parts of an animals head.
JOBS FOR BONES
Of course, vertebrate animals have more bones than just backbones! Flat bones, such as the ones that make the skull and rib cage, protect important body partsthe head and chest. The flat bones in shoulders and hips work to join parts together.
The round, long bones in arms, legs, wings, hands, fins, and feet have muscles on them. These muscles help animals stand, sit, grab, walk, jump, swim, and fly.
You even have tiny bones that help you hear. Another one helps you talk!
WORDS TO KNOW
cartilage: elastic, flexible tissue in the body.
skeleton: the framework of bones that supports the body of a vertebrate animal.
minerals: the natural ingredients that are part of all things on Earth. Salt and calcium are examples of minerals.
cell: the basic part of a living thing. Cells are so small they can be seen only with a microscope. There are billions of cells in most living things.
hyoid: the bone in your throat at the base of your tongue.
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