Donna Latham - Tundra
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- Year:2010
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Investigating the planets biomes and examining the modern threats to each ecosystem, this interactive series challenges young readers to look at how their own actions influence the planets health. With compare-and-contrast facts and vocabulary-building sidebars, each engaging guide reveals how environmental threatsboth human and naturalaffect plants and animals.
Evaluating the coldest biome, this resource examines how the living things found in the tundra coexist harmoniously with the harsh landscape. Explaining how environmental change threatens life in this biome, this instructive guide leaves readers with a greater understanding of the importance of conservation and preservation efforts.Donna Latham: author's other books
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Nomad Press
A division of Nomad Communications
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Copyright 2010 by Nomad Press
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. The trademark Nomad Press and the Nomad Press logo are trademarks of Nomad Communications, Inc.
Printed by Regal Printing Limited in China,
June 2010, Job Number 1005019
ISBN: 978-1-934670-56-9
Questions regarding the ordering of this book should be addressed to Independent Publishers Group
814 N. Franklin St.
Chicago, IL 60610
www.ipgbook.com
Nomad Press
2456 Christian St.
White River Junction, VT 05001
www.nomadpress.net
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Grab your backpack! Youre about to embark on an exciting expedition to explore one of the earths major biomes: the tundra!
A biome is a large natural area with a distinctive climate and geology. The desert is a biome. The rainforest, ocean, and forest are also biomes. So is the tundra. Biomes are the earths communities.
Scientists dont agree on how many biomes there are. Some divide the earth into five biomes. Others argue for 12.
biome: a large natural area with a distinctive climate, geology, and set of water resources. A biomes plants and animals are adapted for life there.
climate: average weather patterns in an area over a period of many years.
geology: the rocks, minerals, and physical structure of an area.
adapt: changes a plant or animal makes to survive in new or different conditions.
ecosystem: a community of living and nonliving things and their environment. Living things are plants, animals, and insects. Nonliving things are soil, rocks, and water.
environment: everything in nature, living and nonliving.
Each biome has its own biodiversity, which is the range of living things adapted for life there. It also contains many ecosystems. In an ecosystem, living and nonliving things interact with their environment.
Teamwork keeps the system balanced and working. Earths biomes are connected together, creating a vast web of life.
You need to bundle up in the earths coldest biome. Winters in the tundra are bitterly cold, with temperatures dropping to -40 degrees Fahrenheit (-40 degrees Celsius). Summers are cool, reaching only about 64 degrees Fahrenheit (18 degrees Celsius).
Biodiversity is low and soil is poor in the tundra. Like the desert, rainfall is scarce, with less than 10 inches (25 centimeters) per year.
The tundra covers about 14 percent of Earths landmass, mostly in the Arctic areas of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Siberia. These regions in the Northern Hemisphere are called the Arctic tundra.
High up on mountains, above the timberline, is the alpine tundra.
Although most of Antarctica is considered a cold desert, there is a stretch of tundra along Antarcticas coasts.
Northern Hemisphere: the half of the earth north of the equator.
timberline: also called the treeline. How far north or how high in the mountains trees grow.
The tundra has a layer of permanently frozen soil called permafrost. When the weather warms up in the summer, the very top layer of the permafrost thaws. This top layer is called the active layer. The rest remains frozen. It never defrosts.
The word tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturia, which means treeless plain.
When the active layer melts, it supplies a rich ecosystem for animals, plants, and insects. Then as winter approaches again, the active layer refreezes.
Plants are the primary producers of the food chain. Without plants, animals cant survive.
But plants face many challenges in the tundra. Poor soil and little rainfall make for difficult conditions facing all plant life.
Through adaptation, plants have developed the right features to survive in their habitats. They live with the weather and make the most of their surroundings.
food chain: a community of A animals and plants where each is eaten by another higher up in the chain.
adaptation: the development of physical or behavioral changes to survive in an environment.
habitat: a plant or animals home.
global warming: the gradual warming of the planet, causing climate change.
climate change: a change in the worlds weather and climate.
A team of scientists in Norway has created a special storage vault in an Arctic mountains permafrost. The vault stores a global food bank of 208,000 plant seeds. Its large enough to stockpile 2 billion of the worlds seeds.
The idea is that permafrost will protect the earths plants in case of disaster, such as disease, or the effects of continued global warming and climate change.
Plants have a short growing season in the tundrathe shortest on the planet. Its only about 50 days long, shorter than a summer break from school.
With chilly soil and little time, how do plants grow? Many plants, such as grasses, lichens, mosses, and shrubs, stay small. They hug the ground to avoid bitter winds.
Close to the ground, short plants absorb the suns heat radiating from the soil. Their shallow roots draw moisture from the active layer above the permafrost.
The purple saxifrage flower of Denali, Alaska, is adapted for its inhospitable environment. One of the first tundra flowers to bloom when temperatures warm up, it often makes its cheery appearance as the snow melts.
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