Joseph Albahari - C# 9.0 Pocket Reference: Instant Help for C# 9.0 Programmers
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by Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari
Copyright 2021 Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by OReilly Media, Inc. , 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
OReilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com .
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- Illustrator: Kate Dullea
- January 2021: First Edition
- 2021-01-13: First Release
See https://oreil.ly/c9pr_1 for release details.
The OReilly logo is a registered trademark of OReilly Media, Inc. C# 9.0 Pocket Reference, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of OReilly Media, Inc.
The views expressed in this work are those of the authors, and do not represent the publishers views. While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.
978-1-098-10113-8
[LSI]
C# is a general-purpose, type-safe, primarily object-oriented programming language, the goal of which is programmer productivity. To this end, the language balances simplicity, expressiveness, and performance. C# 9 is designed to work with the Microsoft .NET 5 runtime (whereas C# 8 targets .NET Core 3, and C# 7 targets .NET Core 2 and Microsoft .NET Framework 4.6/4.7/4.8).
The programs and code snippets in this book mirror those in Chapters 2 through 4 of C# 9.0 in a Nutshell and are all available as interactive samples in LINQPad. Working through these samples in conjunction with the book accelerates learning in that you can edit the samples and instantly see the results without needing to set up projects and solutions in Visual Studio.
To download the samples, click the Samples tab in LINQPad and then click Download more samples. LINQPad is freego to www.linqpad.net.
Following is a program that multiplies 12 by 30 and prints the result, 360, to the screen. The double forward slash indicates that the remainder of a line is a comment:
int x = 12 * 30; // Statement 1System.Console.WriteLine (x); // Statement 2Our program consists of two statements. Statements in C# execute sequentially and are terminated by a semicolon. The first statement computes the expression12 * 30 and stores the result in a variable, named x, whose type is a 32-bit integer (int). The second statement calls the WriteLinemethod on a class called Console, which is defined in a namespace called System. This prints the variable x to a text window on the screen.
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At the outermost level, types are organized into namespaces. Many commonly used typesincluding the Console classreside in the System namespace. The .NET libraries are organized into nested namespaces. For example, the System.Text namespace contains types for handling text, and System.IO contains types for input/output.
Qualifying the Console class with the System namespace on every use adds clutter. The using directive lets you avoid this clutter by importing a namespace:
using System; // Import the System namespaceint x = 12 * 30;Console.WriteLine (x); // No need to specify System A basic form of code reuse is to write higher-level functions that call lower-level functions. We can refactor our program with a reusable method called FeetToInches that multiplies an integer by 12, as follows:
FeetToInches (30)); // 360Console.WriteLine (FeetToInches (100)); // 1200int FeetToInches (int feet){int inches = feet * 12; return inches;}Our method contains a series of statements surrounded by a pair of braces. This is called a statement block.
A method can receive input data from the caller by specifying parameters and output data back to the caller by specifying a return type. Our FeetToInches method has a parameter for inputting feet, and a return type for outputting inches:
int FeetToInches (int feet)... The literals30 and 100 are the arguments passed to the FeetToInches method.
If a method doesnt receive input, use empty parentheses. If it doesnt return anything, use the void keyword:
void SayHello(){ Console.WriteLine ("Hello, world");} Methods are one of several kinds of functions in C#. Another kind of function we used in our example program was the *operator, which performs multiplication. There are also constructors, properties, events, indexers, and finalizers.
The C# compiler compiles source code (a set of files with the .cs extension) into an assembly. An assembly is the unit of packaging and deployment in .NET. An assembly can be either an application or a library. A normal console or Windows application has an entry point, whereas a library does not. The purpose of a library is to be called upon (referenced) by an application or by other libraries..NET 5 itself is a set of libraries (as well as a runtime environment).
Each of the programs in the preceding section began directly with a series of statements (called top-level statements). The presence of top-level statements implicitly creates an entry point for a console or Windows application. (Without top-level statements, a Main method denotes an applications entry pointsee .)
To invoke the compiler, you can either use an integrated development environment (IDE) such as Visual Studio or Visual Studio Code, or call it manually from the command line. To manually compile a console application with .NET, first download the .NET 5 SDK, and then create a new project, as follows:
dotnet new console -o MyFirstProgramcd MyFirstProgramFont size:
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