Barton - Python : A Comprehensive Beginners Guide - From A To Z Simple Steps

Python:

A Comprehensive Beginners Guide

Darryl Barton

2016

Copyright 2016 by Darryl Barton - All rights reserved.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A Bird' E Viw f Pthn

A Brif History f Pthn

How Python i Ud

Hw D Python Compare to PHP?

Pthn Bi Sntx

Firt Pthn Prgrm

Interactive Md Prgrmming

Srit Md Prgrmming

Python Idntifir

Rrvd Wrd

Lin nd Indnttin

Multi-Lin Statements

Quttin in Pthn

Cmmnt in Pthn

Uing Blnk Lin

Python String

Aing Vlu in Strings

Udting String

E Chrtr

String Sil Ortr

String Frmtting Ortr

Tril Qut

Pthn Ditinr

Aing Vlu in Ditinr

Udting Ditinr

Dlt Ditinr Elmnt

Properties f Ditinr K

Built-in Ditinr Funtin & Mthd

Pthn Dt & Tim

Wht i Tik

Wht i TimTul

Th tim Mdul

Pthn Funtin

Sntx

Clling a Funtin

Python Mdul

Th imrt Sttmnt

Locating Mdul

Chapter One

Pthn i a rgrmming lngug tht is freely available nd that mk lving a mutr rblm almost as writing ut n' thught but the solution. It n b written n nd run n almost n mutr withut nding to hng the rgrm. In this tin, u can lrn mr but what Pthn i, hw it i ud, and how it compares t thr programming lngug.

Python is urrntl n of th mt ulr dynamic rgrmming lngug, lng with Prl, Tl, PHP, nd nwmr Rub. Althugh it i ftn viwd a "riting" lngug, it is rll a gnrl purpose rgrmming lngug lng th lin f Lisp r Smlltlk (as r th thr, b th way). Td, Python is used for vrthing from thrw-w rit t lrg lbl web servers that rvid uninterrupted rvi 24x7. It i ud fr GUI nd dtb programming, client- nd server-side wb programming, nd litin testing. It i ud by intit writing applications for th wrld' ftt urmutr nd b hildrn first lrning t program.

In thi blg, I will hin th spotlight on Python's history. In rtiulr, hw Pthn was developed, mjr influences in it dign, mistakes md, ln lrnd, and futur directions fr the lngug.

A Bird' E Viw f Pthn

Whn n is first exposed t Pthn, they are often truk b way tht Pthn d lk, t least n th urf, imilr to d writtn in thr conventional rgrmming languages uh as C or Pl. This i n accident---the ntx f Pthn borrows hvil frm C. Fr instance, many of Pthn' kwrd (if, else, whil, fr, etc.) are the m as in C, Pthn identifiers hv th same naming rul as C, and most f th standard operators hv th m meaning as C. Of ur, Python i bviul nt C nd n mjr area where it differs is tht intd f uing braces fr ttmnt gruing, it uses indentation. For xml, intd f writing ttmnt in C like thi

if ( < b) {

max = b;

} l {

mx = a;

}

Python jut dispenses with the br altogether (lng with th trailing miln fr good mur) nd uses th fllwing trutur

if a < b:

mx = b

l:

mx = a

The thr major area where Pthn differs frm C-like languages i in it u f dnmi ting. In C, variables mut always b xliitl dlrd and given a ifi t uh as int or dubl. This information i thn ud t rfrm static mil-tim checks of th program wll fr allocating mmr ltin ud fr storing the variables value. In Pthn, variables r iml names tht rfr to bjt. Variables d not nd t b declared bfr th r assigned nd th can even hng t in th middl of a rgrm. Lik thr dnmi lngug, ll t-hking is rfrmd at run-tim by an intrrtr intd of during a separate miltin t.

Pthn rimitiv built-in dt types inlud Bln, numbr (mhin intgr, arbitrary-precision intgr, nd real and mlx floating int numbr), nd strings (8-bit nd Unicode). Th r all immutable t, mning tht vlu are rrntd by bjt that nnt b mdifid ftr their rtin. Compound built-in dt t inlud tul (immutbl rr), lit (resizable rr) nd ditinri (hh tbl).

Fr rgnizing rgrm, Pthn supports packages (gru f modules and/or packages), modules (rltd d grud tgthr in a ingl ur fil), classes, mthd nd funtin. Fr flw control, it rvid if/else, whil, nd a high-level fr ttmnt tht loops vr any itrbl bjt. Fr error handling, Pthn u (nn-rumbl) xtin. A ri ttmnt thrw n xtin, nd tr/xt/finll statements if exception hndlr. Built-in rtin throw xtin when rrr nditin r encountered.

In Pthn, ll bjt that can b nmd r said to b "firt class." This means tht functions, l, mthd, mdul, nd ll other named bjt n be frl d around, intd, and placed in vriu dt trutur (.g., lists r dictionaries) t run-tim. And king f bjt, Pthn also has full urt for object-oriented rgrmming including ur-dfind l, inhritn, nd run-tim binding of mthd.

Pthn has an xtniv tndrd library, which i n of the min reasons fr its ulrit. Th standard library h more thn 100 mdul and i lw evolving. Sm of th mdul include rgulr expression matching, tndrd mathematical funtin, threads, rting tm intrf, ntwrk programming, tndrd intrnt protocols (HTTP,FTP, SMTP, etc.), email hndling, XML ring, HTML parsing, nd a GUI tlkit (Tl/Tk).

In addition, thr i a very large ul f third-rt mdul nd packages, mt f which are l open ur. Hr n find wb frmwrk (too many t lit!), mr GUI tlkit, efficient numril librri (inluding wrappers fr mn ulr Fortran kg), intrf t rltinl databases (Oracle, MSQL, and thr), SWIG ( tl for mking rbitrr C++ librri vilbl Pthn mdul), nd muh mr.

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