Daniel J. Barrett - Linux Pocket Guide, 3E
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by Daniel J. Barrett
Copyright 2016 Daniel Barrett. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by OReilly Media, Inc. , 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
OReilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://www.oreilly.com/safari). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com .
- Editor: Nan Barber
- Production Editor: Nicholas Adams
- Copyeditor: Jasmine Kwityn
- Proofreader: Susan Moritz
- Indexer: Daniel Barrett
- Interior Designer: David Futato
- Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
- Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest
- June 2016: Third Edition
- 2016-11-11: Third Release
- 2017-01-20: Fourth Release
- 2017-05-26: Fifth Release
See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781491927571 for release details.
The OReilly logo is a registered trademark of OReilly Media, Inc. Linux Pocket Guide, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of OReilly Media, Inc.
While the publisher and the author have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the author disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.
978-1-491-92757-1
[M]
Welcome to Linux! If youre a new user, this book can serve as a quick introduction, as well as a guide to common and practical commands. If you have Linux experience, feel free to skip the introductory material.
This book is a short guide, not a comprehensive reference. We cover important, useful aspects of Linux so you can work productively. We do not, however, present every single command and every last option (our apologies if your favorite was omitted), nor delve into detail about operating system internals. Short, sweet, and essentialthats our motto.
We focus on commands , those pesky little words you type on a command line to tell a Linux system what to do. Heres an example command that counts lines of text in a file, myfile:
wc -l myfileWell cover the most important Linux commands for the average user, such as ls (list files), grep (search for text), mplayer (play audio and video files), and df (measure free disk space). We touch only briefly on graphical windowing environments like GNOME and KDE, each of which could fill a Pocket Guide by itself.
Weve organized the material by function to provide a concise learning path. For example, to help you view the contents of a file, we introduce many file-viewing commands together: cat for short text files, less for longer ones, od for binary files, and so on. Then we explain each command in turn, briefly presenting its common uses and options.
We assume you have access to a Linux system and know how to log in with your username and password. If not, get your hands on a Linux live DVD, such as Ubuntu, Fedora, or Knoppix, which you can boot on most computers to play around with Linux.
Technology changes quickly, and some commands that made sense to cover in the first two editions are barely used today. Weve replaced these commands with new ones that youll find immediately practical on a modern Linux system.
Runnable examplesYou can now download a set of files from the books website and run the books example commands as you read them.
Goodbye, GUI applicationsWe no longer cover applications that have graphical user interfaces, such as photo editors and web browsers, in order to focus purely on commands. You can find these applications yourself pretty easily these days just by searching the Web.
Linux is a popular, open source operating system that competes with Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Like these other operating systems, Linux has a graphical user interface with windows, icons, and mouse control. However, the real power of Linux comes from its command-line interface, called the shell , for typing and running commands like the preceding wc.
Windows and Mac OS X computers can be operated by command line as well (Windows with its cmd and PowerShell command tools, and OS X with its Terminal application), but most of their users can get along fine without typing commands. On Linux, the shell is critical. If you use Linux without the shell, you are missing out.
Linux is extremely configurable and includes thousands of programs. As a result, different varieties of Linux have arisen to serve different needs and tastes. They all share certain core components but may look different and include different programs and files. Each variety is called a distro (short for distribution). Popular distros include Ubuntu Linux, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Slackware, and Mint among others. This book covers core material that should apply to every distro.
A Linux command typically consists of a program name followed by options and arguments , typed within a shell, like this:
wc -l myfileThe program name (wc, short for word count) refers to a program somewhere on disk that the shell will locate and run. Options, which usually begin with a dash, affect the behavior of the program. In the preceding command, the -l option tells wc to count lines and not words. The argument myfile specifies the file that wc should read and process.
Commands can have multiple options and arguments. Options may be given individually:
wc -l -w myfileTwo individual optionsor combined after a single dash:
wc -lw myfileSame as -l -wthough some programs are quirky and do not recognize combined options. Multiple arguments are also OK:
wc -l myfile myfile2Count lines in two filesOptions are not standardized. They may be a single dash and one character (say, -l), two dashes and a word (--lines), or several other formats. The same option may have different meanings to different programs: in the command wc -l, the option -l means lines of text, but in ls -l it means longer output. Two programs also might use different options to mean the same thing, such as -q for run quietly versus -s for run silently. Some options are followed by a value, such as -s 10 , and space between them might not be required (-s10).
Likewise, arguments are not standardized. They usually represent filenames for input or output, but they can be other things too, like directory names or regular expressions.
Commands can be more interesting than just a single program with options:
Commands can run several programs at a time, either in sequence (one program after another) or in a pipeline with the output of one command becoming the input of the next. Linux experts use pipelines all the time.
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