Copyright 2019 by Harlow Giles Unger
Cover design by Alex Camlin
Cover image credit: Courtesy National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
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First Edition: September 2019
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ISBNs: 978-0-306-92193-3 (hardcover); 978-0-306-92194-0 (ebook)
E3-20190725-JV-NF-ORI
Original cover of Thomas Paines Common Sense, the pamphlet that convinced Americans of the absurdity of hereditary rule. Why, Paine had asked, should someone rule over us simply because he is someone elses child? It defied common sense.
To my wonderful son Richard
Cover: Thomas Paine. William Sharp engraving, after 1793 portrait by George Romney. National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
Frontispiece: Common Sense
M Y DEEPEST THANKS AND APPRECIATION TO GARY BERTON, A consummate Thomas Paine scholar who is Coordinator of the Institute for Thomas Paine Studies and Secretary of the Thomas Paine National Historical Association. Mr. Berton was most generous in reviewing the manuscript of this book and sharing his extraordinary knowledge of Thomas Paines life and his enormous number of written works. In addition, Mr. Bertons automated authorship analyses ensured a level of accuracy in this work unavailable to previous researchers.
My sincere thanks as well to my editor Robert Pigeon for the care, skills, and time he invested in this and all my books. More than an outstanding editor, Robert is a gifted teacher who for more than a decade has never ceased to help me improve my work. Thanks, too, to others who have helped me with my work for many years, including Lissa Warren, John Radziewicz, and Kevin Hanover. I am also grateful to Hachette Book Group publicity director Joanna Pinsker; marketing associate Odette Fleming; Cisca Schreefel, manager of editorial production; Trish Wilkinson, designer; Martha Whitt, copy editor; and the Hachette Book Group sales team. In addition, I send my deepest thanks to website developer Tom Bowler for his steadfast friendship and for his magnificent workboth technically and artisticallyon my various websites, including harlowgiles unger.com. Lastly, many aides and scholars at archival organizations in the United States, Britain, and France gave freely and willingly of their time and knowledge to help me with research for this book, and I thank them all.
1737 | Born February 9, Thetford, England. |
1744 | Attends Thetford Grammar School until 1749. |
1750 | Apprentice to his father as stay maker. |
1753 | Enlists on King of Prussia privateer. |
1758 | Works as stay maker; marries in 1759. |
1760 | Wife dies; he quits stay making. |
1761 | Visits London; studies at Royal Society; becomes exciseman; fired five years later. |
1766 | Teaches at a London academy; resumes studies at Royal Society. |
1768 | Resumes work as exciseman in Lewes, Sussex; begins writing news articles. |
1771 | Remarries. |
1772 | Writes twenty-one-page petition to Parliament for higher wages for excisemen. |
1773 | Lobbies Parliament; meets Benjamin Franklin. |
1774 | Fired as exciseman; separates from wife; bankruptcy; sails to America. |
1775 | Edits, writes for Pennsylvania Magazine; fighting breaks out at Lexington, Massachusetts. |
1776 | Writes Common Sense; inspires American fight for independence; Congress declares independence; he enlists in American Army; appointed General Greenes aide-de-camp; retreat to the Delaware; writes American Crisis I; inspires victory at Trenton. |
1777 | Appointed Secretary to the Committee on Foreign Affairs in Congress. |
1778 | Flees with Congress to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, then York; writes more Crisis essays to boost American morale; the Deane Affair. |
1779 | Resigns from Congress. |
1780 | Clerk of Pennsylvania Assembly; leads Pennsylvania abolition movement; starts subscription for army; Crisis Extraordinary details fiscal plan for America; dispute over western territories. |
1781 | To France with John Laurens; returns with $500,000 in silver and shipload of military stores; helps organize Bank of North America; victory at Yorktown. |
1783 | Treaty of Paris; British evacuate New York; The times that tried mens souls are over. |
1784 | New York awards Paine a farm; Pennsylvania and Congress give him cash. |
1785 | Invents, builds model of revolutionary single-arched iron bridge. |
1787 | Sails to Europe to promote his bridge; visits Paris, London; returns to Thetford; United States approves Constitution. |
1788 | Builds iron bridge in England. |
1789 | Storming of the Bastille; Paine returns to Paris; joins revolutionaries. |
1790 | Conflict with Burke; erects iron bridge in Paddington; forwards key to Bastille to President Washington; begins writing Rights of Man. |
1791 | Completes Rights of Man; revisits Paris, returns to London to provoke social, political changes. |
1792 | British charge Paine with seditious libel; he flees to France; declared honorary French citizen; elected to French National Assembly; leads fight to save king from execution; British court tries and finds him guilty of sedition |