Anna Claybourne - Sharks
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- Book:Sharks
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- Publisher:Miles Kelly Publishing Ltd
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- Year:2006
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Published in 2008 by Miles Kelly Publishing Ltd, Hardings Barn, Bardfield End Green, Thaxted, Essex, CM6 3PX.
Copyright 2010 Miles Kelly Publishing Ltd
Editorial Director Belinda Gallagher
Art Director Jo Brewer
Volume Designer Tom Slemings
Cover Designer Jo Brewer
Editorial Assistant Bethanie Bourne
Picture Researcher Liberty Newton
Reprographics Anthony Cambray, Mike Coupe, Stephan Davis, Ian Paulyn
Production Manager Elizabeth Brunwin
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transferred by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holder.
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- Sharks are a type of fish . They live and breathe underwater and are brilliant swimmers.
- All sharks are carnivores, which means they eat other animals. Many are fierce hunters.
- Sharks are found in seas and oceans and in a few rivers too.
- There are about 400 different species of shark.
- A species is the name for a particular type of shark or other living thing. Sharks of the same species can mate and have young, which also belong to that species.
- Most sharks have long bodies, triangle-shaped fins and lots of sharp teeth.
- Sharks range in size from about the size of a banana to bigger than a bus.
- Sharks are closely related to other fish called rays and skates. They are similar to sharks but usually have much flatter bodies.
- Sharks have existed for almost 400 million years.
- Most sharks are not dangerous. Only a few species have been known to attack humans.
- A typical shark has a long, narrow, torpedo-shaped body, designed for moving quickly through the water.
- All sharks, even unusually shaped ones, have the same basic body parts: a head with eyes, nostrils and a mouth, a body, a tail and fins.
- A body shape designed for speed, like a sharks, is called a streamlined shape. It allows water to move past it easily with very little resistance or drag.
- The tip of a sharks nose is called the snout. Most sharks snouts are pointed, like the tip of a bullet.
- A sharks mouth is usually a long way back underneath its snout.
- Hammerhead sharks get their name because their heads are shaped like wide, flat hammers.
- Angel sharks have wide, spread-out fins that look like an angels wings.
- Engineers sometimes study sharks fins and bodies to find the best shapes for aeroplane wings or boat hulls.
- Some large fish , such as tuna, are shaped like sharks.
- The whale shark is the biggest living shark. It can reach a maximum size of 18 m as long as two buses end-to-end.
- The biggest shark ever , Megalodon , is now extinct. Scientists think it may have weighed almost twice as much a whale shark.
- The biggest sharks are gentle creatures that filter tiny food particles from the water.
- The biggest hunting shark is the great white shark.
- A great white sharks mouth can measure 40 cm across.
- Most sharks are medium-sized , measuring between 1 m and 3 m in length.
- The smallest sharks are the spined pygmy shark and the dwarf lanternshark. They would fit on two pages of this book.
- The average size for a shark is very similar to the size of a human.
- Although some sharks are small, most are bigger than other types of fish.
- Sharks arent the biggest animals in the sea. Some whales are bigger but they are mammals, not fish.
- Sharks are vertebrates , which means they have a skeleton with a backbone. Many types of animals, including all fish, reptiles, birds and mammals, are vertebrates.
- Sharks skeletons are not made of bone, but of cartilage.
- If you cut a shark open , youd find a thick layer of muscles just under its skin. The shark uses them to move its body from side to side as it swims along.
- A sharks vital organs are mostly in a cavity in the middle of its body. Sharks have many of the same organs as humans and other animals, including a stomach, liver and kidneys.
- Sharks have extra-large livers that contain a lot of oil. As oil is lighter than water, this helps it to float.
- A sharks stomach is very stretchy. It can expand so that the shark can consume a large amount of food in a short space of time.
- Just like humans , sharks have a heart that pumps blood around their bodies.
- Most sharks are cold-blooded, which means their blood is the same temperature as the water around them.
- A few sharks , such as mako and thresher sharks, are warm-blooded they can heat their blood up so that they are warmer than their surroundings. This helps them to swim faster and move into colder areas of the ocean to hunt.
- Cartilage is the white or pale blue, rubbery, bendy substance that sharks skeletons are made of.
- A sharks bendy skeleton gives it flexibility, helping it to twist and turn in the water.
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