Jacques Derogy - Resistance and Revenge: Armenian Assassination of Turkish Leaders Responsible for the 1915 Massacres and Deportations

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Resistance
&
Revenge

Resistance
&
Revenge

The American Assassination of Turkish Leaders

Responsible for the 1915

Massacres and Deportations

JACQUES DEROGY

Preface by Grard Chaliand

Translated by A.M. Berrett

Originally published in French as Operation Nemesis in 1986 by Librairie Artheme Fayard. 1986 Librairie Artheme Fayard.

Published 1990 by Transaction Publishers

Published 2017 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

English language edition copyright 1990 by Taylor & Francis.

The Zoryan Institute for Contemporary Armenian Research and Documentation, Inc., provided editorial and research assistance in the preparation of the English translation.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Number: 89-20594

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Derogy, Jacques.

[Opration Nmsis. English]

Resistance and revenge : the Armenian assassination of the Turkish leaders responsible for the 1915 massacres and deportations / Jacques Derogy; preface by Gerard Chaliand; translated by A.M. Berrett.

p. cm.

Translation of: Opration Nmsis.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0-88738-338-6

1. H.H. Dashnakts'ut'iwn. 2. Armenian massacres, 1915-1923. 3. TerrorismArmenia. 4. AssassinationTurkey. I. Title.

DS195.5.D4713 1990

322.4'2'095662-dc20

89-20594

CIP

ISBN 13: 978-0-88738-338-0 (hbk)

To
Jiro, Nora and Lorky

Contents

Jacques Derogy's re-creation of the story of Operation Nemesis has been based on the use of a variety of sources, including archival documents never used before and oral history.

The operation to punish the Young Turk Ittihad ve Terakke leaders responsible for the genocide against Armenians during World War I was initiated, planned, and executed by the major Armenian political organization then and now, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, or Dashnaktsutiune, sometimes referred to as the Dashnak party. While known commonly by the rank and file and many Armenians, the Dashnaktsutiune's role in the operation, structure, and mechanism developed; but the modus operandi, and the names of organizers were known by few individuals. For reasons of tradition, politics, and security, the information was not made public and there had never been a formal acknowledgment by the Dashnaktsutiune regarding an operation probably only it could have mounted. The trials of Armenians involved in the assassinations caught after the acts in Berlin, Istanbul, and Athens revealed only personal motivations and covered up the organization's role.

Derogy's quest began with the understanding of the genocide and the context of Turkish-Armenian relations during and immediately after World War I. To understand the tragic events, Derogy used secondary sources by historians such as Serge Afanasyan, Jean-Pierre Alem, Gerard Chaliand, Yves Temon, and Anahide Ter Minassian and by writers such as Jean-Marie Carzou and Kamuran Gurun as well as archival collections, including those of Arnold Toynbee and Aram Andonian. The Central Asian dimension was complemented by the works of Helene Carrere dEncausee, Joseph Castagne, Essad Bey, and Paul Dumont. Documents representing orders for deportations and massacres and Young Turk government involvement in the genocidal process have come from a variety of archives, best depicted in the Permanent People's Tribunal. A Crime of Silence.

To understand the Ittihad ve Terakke characters and depict their participation in the routine leading to the genocide, the author has relied on a number of memoirs of statesmen, both Western and Ottoman, and on archival material from a large number of official collections. These sources include works by Henry Morgenthau, US Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire until 1916 and a frequent visitor of the Turkish prime minister, Talaat Pasha; Armen Garo Pasdermajian, who began his career as a revolutionary and was later elected to the Ottoman Parliament as a deputy; as well as the papers collected and published by German missionary activist Johannes Lepsius; and autobiographies by and biographical works on Young Turks.

Memoirs of the terrorists such as Arshavir Shiragian, Soghomon Tehlirian, Missak Torlakian, first published in Armenian, and the proceedings of trials constitute the primary sources for the reconstruction of the events themselves and the introduction of the characters. Memoirs of Armenian leaders of the period who knew the heroes of the volume, such as Simon Vratzian, the last prime minister of independent Armenia who lived until 1969, have been useful in complementing the picture.

The most challenging task has been to find written evidence for the role of the Dashnaktsutiune in the operation, the relationship between the regular organization and the need for a special unit to supervise a top secret operation, and the mechanisms developed by it to implement the daring plan. The difficulty in relating this story is compounded by the complexity of the political situation as the independent republic of Armenia was sovietized in December 1920, its leadership was exiled and a diaspora tried to adjust to new circumstances, on the one hand, and the absence of detailed and reliable information on the structure and activities of the party during that period. Derogy used three sources. An important series of documents were discovered in the Central Archives of the Dashnaksutiune deposited at the Hairenik building in the Boston area. These archives consist of two main collections: The Archives of the ARF and the Archives of the Armenian Republic. The relevant, often cryptic documents were found not in the files of the Buro, or supreme executive body of the party, but were dispersed in administrative files of the party's Central Committee of the US, which had assumed responsibility for the organization and financing of the operation.

Many of the facts and details of the story were confirmed or revealed by discussions with individuals who had clear memories of the events. The most important such source was Stepan Dardouni, who died recently in New York.

Finally, Derogy worked closely with scholars of the modem period familiar with the structure and organization of modem Armenian political organizations, including Anahide Ter Minassian, Gerard Libaridian, Gerard Cha-liand, and Yves Temon.

Gerard Libaridian
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Grard Chaliand

What in England is called a political thriller is a genre that British master craftsmen such as Graham Greene and Eric Ambler have cultivated magnificently. In France, this category of literature is seen less often. There, Gilles Perrault with

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