ZEEBRUGGE
ZEEBRUGGE
The Greatest Raid of All
CHRISTOPHER SANDFORD
Published in Great Britain and the United States of America in 2018 by
CASEMATE PUBLISHERS
The Old Music Hall, 106108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JE, UK
and
1950 Lawrence Road, Havertown, PA 19083, USA
Copyright 2018 Christopher Sandford
Hardcover Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-504-1
Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-505-8
Kindle Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-505-8
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
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For my father Sefton Sandford (19252012), a great navy man
Who durst be so bold with a few crooked boards nailed together, a stick standing upright, and a rag tied to it, to adventure into the ocean?
THOMAS FULLER
Bravery never goes out of fashion.
WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY
We reached Dunkirk at 3am, where we put up. A very bloody sight.
SUB-LIEUTENANT EDWARD BERTHON, RN, A SURVIVOR
Acknowledgments
This is not a comprehensive list or account of each and every one of the brave individuals who took part in the British raids on the Flanders coast of April and May 1918. No slight is intended on any name that might be missing, and anyone interested in reading more about the subject will find some suggestions in the bibliography at the back of the book. Every effort has nonetheless been made to portray the events exactly as they occurred, and to record as accurately as possible the recollections of the men who lived them. I only wish I could blame someone listed below for the shortcomings of the text. They are mine alone.
The book began life late one wet Saturday evening in April 1968, when I was an 11-year-old schoolboy and my father Sefton was a captain in the Royal Navy. Together with my mother we were living in a thatched cottage in Marlow-on-Thames, a bucolic spot that perhaps lacked some of the racy intrigue of our next family home: Moscow, then in the depths of the Cold War, where my father was about to serve as British naval attach. On the evening in question we were sitting around our coffin-sized radiogram listening to the news about strikes and currency crises at home, and mass shootings and race riots in America, when out of the announcers patter a new programme cut through the gloom by combining breathless, Dick Barton-type narration with equally vivid sound effects in a feature to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Zeebrugge Raid. I remember hearing the name Richard Sandford mentioned, followed in turn by the noise of an enjoyably shrill simulated explosion. When the broadcast ended my father went on to explain how we were related to this heroic individual, and at that moment somewhere deep inside my titanically vain younger self the gnarled middle-aged author awoke with a start. I regret that its taken me a further fifty years to see the project through, and that my father, to whom the book is dedicated, didnt live to see this small fulfillment of our mutual fascination with the events of St. Georges Day 1918.
For archive material, input or advice I should thank, professionally: AbeBooks; Alibris; America ; American Renaissance ; Francesca Anyon; Lucy Arnold; Barrow Submariners Association; Bookfinder; Jessica Borg; Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth; British Library; British Newspaper Archive; Brocks Fireworks; Brotherton Library, Leeds; Miles Wynn Cato; Chronicles; Commander Robert Dunn, RN; General Register Office; Eric Grove; Sarah Gunn; Hampshire Record Office; Christine Harper; Hedgehog Review; David Henderson; Hillingdon Libraries; Laura Hilton-Smith; the History Press; Keith Hollick; Imperial War Museum; Charles Keyes; Kings College Library, London; Barbara Levy; Library of Congress; Clare Litt; Colin McKenzie; George Malcolmson; William Meredith; the Ministry of Defence; John Moore; National Maritime Museum; National Museums Liverpool; National Museum, Royal Navy; National Review; Jenni Orme; Steff Palmer; Richard Porter; Tim Reidy; Renton Library; Royal Marines Museum, Eastney; Royal Museums, Greenwich; Royal Naval Historical Branch; Royal Navy Officers Club, Portsmouth; Royal Navy Submarine Museum; Russian Life; David Rymill; Martin Salmon; Daniel Sandford; Seaside Library, Oregon; Seattle Times; Ruth Sheppard; Andrew Stuart; Touchstone; Remi Turner; Mark Ulrich; UK Maritime Archives and Library; UK National Archives; University of Leeds Library Special Collections; University of Montana; University of Puget Sound; Vital Records; William Wagner; Dominic Walsh; Western Front Association; Wirral Archives Service; Captain Jolyon Woodard, RN, and Jenny Wraight. My particular thanks to Robin B. James for the index.
And personally: Lisa Armstead; Reverend Maynard Atik; Pete Barnes; the late Ryan Boone; Rocco Bowen; Robert and Hilary Bruce; Jon Burke; Don Carson; Changelink; Hunter Chatriand; Common Ground; Christina Coulter; Tim Cox; Andrew Craig; the late Deb K. Das; the Davenport; Monty Dennison; Micky Dolenz; the Dowdall family; John and Barbara Dungee; Reverend Joanne Enquist; Malcolm Galfe; the Gay Hussar; Gethsemane Lutheran Church; the late Don Gordon; James Graham; the late Tom Graveney; Norman Greenbaum; Jeff and Rita Griffin; Grumbles; Steve and Jo Hackett; Hampton Tutors; Hermino; Alex Holmes; the Hotel Vancouver; Jo Jacobius; Julian James; Lincoln Kamell; Terry Lambert; Belinda Lawson; Eugene Lemcio; the Lorimer family; Robert Dean Lurie; Les McBride; Heather and Mason McEachran; Charles McIntosh; the Macri family; Lee Mattson; Jim Meyersahm; Missoula Doubletree; the Morgans; John and Colleen Murray; Greg Nowak; Chuck Ogmund; Phil Oppenheim; Valya Page; Robin Parish; Owen Paterson; Steele Paulich; Peter Perchard; Chris Pickrell; the Prins family; Scott P. Richert; Ailsa Rushbrooke; St. Matthews, Renton; Susan Sandford; Sandy Cove Inn; Peter Scaramanga; Seattle C.C.; C.D. Smith Construction; Dorothy Smith; Fred and Cindy Smith; the late Reverend Harry Smith; Marty Smith; Debbie Standish; the Stanley family; Jack Surendranath; Belinda and Ian Taylor; the late Mary Tyvand; Diana Villar; Karin Wieland; Soleil Wieland; Debbie Wild; the Willis Fleming family; Karla Winch; Aaron Wolf; the Woons; Doris and Felicia Zhu, and Zoo Town Surfers.
My deepest thanks, as always, to Karen and Nicholas Sandford.
CHAPTER 1
The Sea Churned Red
The night was pitch black, though with silvery flashes of lightning sometimes pulsing over the inky water and silhouetting the shore to the west. It soon became a matter of increasingly miserable weather, and even more miserable visibility, for the British naval force making its way out to sea off the coast of Scotland. Persistent rain squalls soaked the convoy of 30 warships of various classes and sizes, along with their dozen accompanying support vessels. A petty officer on the cruiser HMS Courageous complained that nothing could be kept dry on board and if an enemy attack had occurred they could have been on us before we saw them, so thick was the mist and low cloud. Years later, he compared the whole exercise to rid[ing] on the Ghost Train at a seaside resort youd be bumping along, turning blind corners, braced for a collision, and then suddenly thered be this blinding sheet of light, with huge shapes rising up all around you, and then total darkness again. I have never been so terrified in all my life.