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Ann Ingalls - Trails to California

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Book:
Trails to California
Author:
Ann Ingalls
Publisher:
Triangle Interactive, LLC
Genre:
Books / History
Year:
2018
Rating:
3 / 5
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By the mid-1800s, people began to venture west, traveling up to 2000 miles in search of new lives. Fur trappers and traders had explored these trails before, but now entire families packed their belongings into covered wagons for the long journey. This primary source reader integrates social studies content and literacy, and introduces students to some of Californias early settlers including John Bidwell, Jim Beckwourth, Jedediah Smith, Sarah Royce, Charley Parkhurst, Kit Carson, and more. By examining primary sources like maps, images, letters, and photographs, students will achieve literacy in social studies as they learn how to investigate and reflect on various social, economic, cultural, and geographical topics. Important text features include a glossary, index, captions, sidebars, and table of contents to increase understanding and build academic vocabulary. This Interactiv-eBook offers instructional opportunities to guide students to increased fluency and comprehension of nonfiction text and is aligned to the National Council for Social Studies (NCSS) and other national and state standards. The Pack It! culminating activity provides an opportunity for assessment that challenges students to apply what they have learned in an interactive way, and Your Turn! challenges students to connect to a primary source through a writing activity. Explore Californias rich history with this engaging Interactiv-eBook!

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0covercover.xhtmlTrails to california Ann Ingallscover1page0001page0001.xhtml22page0002page0002.xhtml33page0003page0003.xhtml44page0004page0004.xhtmlTable of Contents Trails West 4 Trappers and Traders 6 The Donner Party 14 Women in the West 18 Mapping the West 22 Paving the Way 26 Pack It! 28 Glossary 30 Index 31 Your Turn! 3255page0005page0005.xhtmlTrails West By the mid-1800s, people began to venture west in search of new lives. Men, women, and children sometimes traveled up to 2, 000 miles (3, 219 kilometers) in hopes of claiming land and riches. Trappers and traders had explored some of these lands before. But now, entire families packed into wagons for long journeys. Trips to the West were harsh. People often had to travel through passes, over high mountains, and across dry deserts. Many of them faced hunger, cold, and fatigue along the way. At the end of each day, guides chose places to camp. People slept in tents, in wagons, or on the ground under the stars. The journey was hard, but if the travelers could make it to the end of the trail, they had a chance at better lives. As more people went west, forts and new industries rose up. Some people formed settlements there. Women had new prospects that they did not have back home. All these people helped map the West for future generations. This 1865 covered wagon is full of clothes and other belongings to make the trip west.66page0006page0006.xhtml

Murphy Wagons Joseph Murphy made the most well?known wagons used to go west. He started his business in 1825. His wagons were large and strongly built. They were 9 feet (2. 7 meters) high and 12 feet (3. 7 meters) long. Travelers used oxen to pull these wagons for the long journeys.

California Trail The California Trail was about 2, 000 miles (3, 219 kilometers) long. The exact length was based on where people started and ended their trips. Most people left to go west in April or May. Starting at this time helped them cross the Sierra Nevada before the snow made it impossible to cross the mountains. This drawing shows part of the California Trail in 1859.77page0007page0007.xhtmlTrappers and Traders Before the Gold Rush in 1849, there was another rush in California. Trappers and traders came in large numbers to the land for the Fur Rush. They wanted to get rich by selling valuable furs. Mammals, such as otters, foxes, and seals, were hunted for their furs. Jedediah Smith Of all the trappers in the early years, an American trapper was one of the best. His name was Jedediah Strong Smith. Like many mountain men, Smith went west to make money. While working as a guide in the winter of 1823, he camped with a group of Crow Indians. They told him of a pass through the Rocky Mountains. Three years later, Smith led another group west. They crossed the South Pass that Smith had learned about from the Crow Indians. The people in this group became the first Americans from the east to enter California over land. Smith had proven that the South Pass was the best way to get to the West Coast. After Smith's trip, the South Pass became one of the most widely used routes for people heading west.

Narrow Escape Smith lived through dozens of narrow escapes. He was attacked by a grizzly bear in the Black Hills but still continued westward. Jedediah Smith88page0008page0008.xhtml

An Early End Smith became a trader when he was 31 y ears trapping, but it was while he was trading that he met his death. In 1831, Smith led a group along the Santa Fe Trail to search f or water. Comanche (kuh?MAN?chee) warr iors surrounded the group and killed Smith. old. He faced danger while exploring an d Smith leads a group across the Mojave Desert in 1826.99page0009page0009.xhtml

The Lucky Ones Bidwell's group started with 69 people. Only 32 men, 1 woman, and 1 baby survived the whole trip. They w ere the first group to travel by land on w hat would become known as the Californ ia Trail. But by the end, they couldn't claim to be the first wagon train. They had lost all the wagons along the way.1010page0010page0010.xhtmlJohn Bidwell John Bidwell led one of the first groups of emigrants from the Missouri River to California. Bidwell and his party left Missouri in May 1841. They started out on the Oregon Trail. At one point, they made a left turn and were on the California Trail. No one in the group had ever taken this route. There were many struggles along the way. When wagons stalled in the mud or got caught on tall grass, people had to leave behind some of their goods. They crossed unsafe rivers, canyons, cliffs, and gulches. Some days, they only traveled 12 miles (19 kilometers). Finding fresh water and a steady food supply was hard. People began to kill the pack animals for food. Finally, they reached the first settlement after crossing the Sierra Nevada. There, they found food, clothing, and shelter. Once the group was settled, Bidwell went looking for work. A man named John Sutter said he could use Bidwell's help as a business manager for his fort. Bidwell later found gold and became a wealthy man.

An Educator Bidwell was born in New York in 1819. His family moved to Ohio 12 years later. Education was important to him. When he was 17, Bidwell walked 300 miles (483 kilometers) through snow so that he could attend school away from home. The next year, he was made principal of the school. John Bidwell1111page0011page0011.xhtmlSutter's Fort In 1839, John Sutter fled major debt in Switzerland and went to California. Once there, he became a Mexican citizen so he could get a land grant. He called his land Nueva Helvetia (NWAY-vuh hel-VEE-shuh). He built Sutter's Fort on this land. Two years later, he bought Fort Ross from Russian settlers. Sutter moved livestock, tools, and buildings from Fort Ross to Sutter's Fort. Travelers were pleased when they found Sutter's Fort. That meant they were almost at the end of the trail. Traders, trappers, and settlers found jobs there. One of those travelers was John Bidwell. When he arrived at the fort, Sutter hired him as caretaker. American Indians worked there, too. Sutter paid them very little for their hard work, but the fact that he paid them at all was radical for the time. Sutter's success came to an end in 1848. One of his workers found gold. When Sutter saw it, he wanted everyone on the fort to stay quiet. Instead, word got out that there was gold on his land. People rushed to his land, stole his goods, and killed his livestock. By 1852, Sutter was ruined. John Sutter1212page0012page0012.xhtmlA mill on Sutter's Fort was rebuilt to show how it looked during the Gold Rush.

Jobs at the Fort Farming became a large operation at Sutter's Fort. The residents grew peas, cotton, wheat, and other crops. They also kept thousands of cattle and sheep on hand. Inside the fort, workers made blankets and baked bread, among other jobs. Sutter's Fort1313page0013page0013.xhtmlJames Beckwourth Life as a mountain man was risky. James Beckwourth, an African American, was one of the best. He was born into slavery in 1798. He gained his freedom in 1810 with help from his father. Beckwourth began living with the Crow Indians in 1828. He learned their language and studied their customs. The tribe even named him a chief. For the next two decades, he did many jobs. He worked as a scout, a trader, and an innkeeper. In 1851, Beckwourth led the first wagon train into Marysville, California. He discovered what is called Beckwourth Pass. The trail, which was also named for him, was widely used for travel for about four years. At that time, the railroad became more popular for travel from coast to coast. In 1864, Beckwourth went back to the Crow village. He died two years later. The details of his death are unknown. Some historians believe he was placed on a tree platform after he died. This was how the Crow tribes honored their dead.

An Imposing Figure Beckwourth was 6 feet (1. 8 meters) tall and known for being incredibly strong. He often wore his hair to his waist, sometimes in braids. He wore ribbons, earrings, gold chains, and Crow leggings. A bullet hung from a cord around his neck.1414page0014page0014.xhtmlthree members of the Crow tribe

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