Emiliano Zapata
SAMUEL BRUNK
EMILIANO ZAPATA
Revolution
Betrayal
in Mexico ISBN for this digital edition: 978-0-8263-2513-6
To Anne Perry
1995 by the University of New Mexico Press
All rights reserved.
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The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Brunk, Samuel, 1959
Revolution and betrayal in Mexico: a life of Emiliano Zapata
Samuel Brunk1st ed. p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8263-1620-4 (pbk.)
1. Zapata, Emiliano, 18791919. 2. MexicoPolitics and government19101946. 3. RevolutionariesMexicoBiography.
I. Title.
F1234.Z37B78 1995
972.081092dc20
[B] CIP 94-18742
Contents
Acknowledgments
THIS BOOK COULD NOT HAVE BECOME A REALITY without the help of many people. My research was funded by a Fulbright Grant from the United States Information Agency and by several awards from organizations at the University of New Mexico: a Graduate Achievement Award from the Office of Graduate Studies; Tinker/Mellon and Field Research grants from the Latin American Institute; and three grants from the Student Research Allocations Committee.
Special thanks are due to Linda Hall, who conceived of this project when I was her graduate student at the University of New Mexico, and then guided me every step of the way. Robert Himmerich y Valencia also provided the kind of support without which it is impossible to negotiate the perils of graduate schoolas well as many invaluable suggestions about the manuscript. Aaron Mahr, too, has been an insightful critic, whose crash course on computers was indispensable. Enrique Semo, Nelson Valds, and Paul Vanderwood read the entire work and contributed their excellent advice. Alberto Sandoval helped with Mexican colloquialisms. Much tested by my research demands, the staffs of the University of New Mexicos Zimmerman Library and the University of Nebraska-Lincolns Love Libraryand especially their respective Inter-Library Loan departmentshave always risen to the occasion. David Holtby, Barbara Guth, and the rest of the employees at the University of New Mexico Press have made this work infinitely better than it was when it first arrived at their door.
In Mexico I received support and instruction from Alicia Olivera, Laura Espejel, Carlos Barreto, Salvado Rueda, Eugenia Meyer, Mateo Zapata, and the Fulbright Office. Thanks are also due to Ana Buriano and the rest of the staff at the Instituto de Investigaciones, Dr. Jos Mara Luis Mora; Mara Esther Gonzlez Hernndez and her co-workers at the Centro de Estudios Sobre la Universidad at UNAM; as well as the employees of the Archivo General de la Nacin, the Instituto Nacional de Antropologa e Historia, the Hemeroteca Nacional, the Biblioteca Nacional, the Archivo Histrico de la Defensa Nacional, the Centro de Estudios de Historia de Mxico (Condumex), and the libraries of the Universidad Panamericana and the Colegio de Mxico. Vctor Ral Martnez Vsquez and family, Luis Roberto Vera, and Lisa Sparaco gave me not only their thoughts about Zapata, but the occasional, much needed home-cooked meal or place to stay.
No words can possibly express my debt to my wife, Anne Perry, whose life this resurrection of Zapata has touched perhaps as deeply as it has mine, and not always in a positive way. This book is dedicated to her.
Introduction
THE LIFE OF MEXICAN REVOLUTIONARY EMILIANO ZApata was the stuff that legends are made of. Born and raised in a tiny village in the small south-central state of Morelos, in 1911 he led an uprisingone strand of the larger Mexican Revolutionagainst the regime of long-time president Porfirio Daz. He fought not primarily to fulfill personal ambitions, but for the campesinos of Morelos, whose rights were being systematically ignored in Don Porfirios courts. Expanding haciendas had been appropriating land and water for centuries in the state, but as the twentieth century began things were becoming desperate. The viability of village economies was threatened, and with it the cultural survival of the Morelian peasantry. Surprisingly, it was not long before Daz fell. But Zapata then discovered that other national leadersFrancisco Madero, Victoriano Huerta, and Venustiano Carranzawould not put things right, and so he fought them too. He fought for nearly a decade until, in 1919, he was gunned down in an ambush at the hacienda Chinameca.
During his lifetime, Zapata was much loved and much hated. For many of the campesinos he led he was el hombrethe man.was received with church bells and fireworks. But much of the rest of Mexico never understood the attraction. With its dreams of Europe and of progress, Mexico City was, in many ways, light years away from the countryside that surrounded it. It was here in the city that the Morelian hacendados spent most of their time, and here that the products of Morelian land and labor were consumed. The haciendas, in other words, were devices that served the capital; they were its means of exploiting the campesinos of Morelos while keeping them out of sight. Zapata hated the city, and as it watched ominous Zapatista campfires burn in the mountains to its south, the city would grow to hate Zapata. Except for the short year in which Zapatistas occupied the capital, the Mexico City press consistently attacked Zapata while he lived, shaping national opinion in the process. For much of Mexico Zapata was a blood-soaked bandit, a killer of innocents, the Attila of the South.
Many of the peasants of Morelos were unable to accept Zapatas death. Some claimed the body that was presented to them as proof of his mortality lacked his distinctive birthmark. Others missed the mole they remembered, or wondered why the corpse included the finger Zapata lost years before in a roping accident. Zapata was not dead, they argued, a compadre who looked like him had taken his place on that fateful day, and Zapata was hiding in the mountains until they needed him again, or fighting in Arabia or for Hitler. For them he was too smart, too strong, too important, too symbolic of their cause to die, and in a sense they were right, for he lived on in their stories.
But this was not the only way that myth grew up around Zapata. In 1920 the Zapatistas joined the rebellion against Venustiano Carranza that won the revolution for Alvaro Obregn. Obregn was a masterful politician who understood the demand of many of Mexicos rural rebels for land reform. He and his successors also understood that it was Zapata who had voiced that demand best. The figure of Zapataonce cleansed of certain troublesome realitiescould thus be used to help firm up the new revolutionary coalition by holding the support of the campesinos. Thus Zapata became the