David R. Marples - Lenins Revolution: Russia, 1917-1921

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Lenins Revolution:
Russia, 19171921

SEMINAR STUDIES

IN HISTORY

Lenins Revolution:
Russia, 19171921

---

DAVID R. MARPLES

First published 2000 by Pearson Education Limited

Published 2013 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4 RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, N Y 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2000, Taylor & Francis.

The right of David R. Marples to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN 978-0-582-31917-2 (pbk)

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Marples, David R.
Lenins revolution: Russia, 19171921 / David R. Marples.
p. cm. -- (Seminar studies in history)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-582-31917-X (PPR)
1. Soviet Union-History-Revolution, 19171921. I. Title. II. Series.

DK265.M3153 2000
947.084l-dc21 00-040535

9 8
09

Set by 7 in 10/12 Sabon Roman

For Yuri and Zena Risovanny

CONTENTS

Such is the pace of historical enquiry in the modern world that there is an ever-widening gap between the specialist article or monograph, incorporating the results of current research, and general surveys, which inevitably become out of date. Seminar Studies in History are designed to bridge this gap. The series was founded by Patrick Richardson in 1966 and his aim was to cover major themes in British, European and world history. Between 1980 and 1996 Roger Lockyer continued his work, before handing the editorship over to Clive Emsley and Gordon Martel. Clive Emsley is Professor of History at the Open University, while Gordon Martel is Professor of International History at the University of Northern British Columbia, Canada, and Senior Research Fellow at De Montfort University.

All the books are written by experts in their field who are not only familiar with the latest research but have often contributed to it. They are frequently revised, in order to take account of new information and interpretations. They provide a selection of documents to illustrate major themes and provoke discussion, and also a guide to further reading. The aim of Seminar Studies is to clarify complex issues without over-simplifying them, and to stimulate readers into deepening their knowledge and understanding of major themes and topics.

Readers should note that numbers in square brackets [] refers readers to the corresponding item in the Documents section which follows the main text.

This book adheres throughout to the Gregorian or New Style calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. By the mid-eighteenth century, most European countries had adopted this calendar. Russia, however, used the Julian calendar until 1918. That calendar misread the length of the solar year, which led the calendar dates of the seasons to lose one day each century. By the time of the Russian Revolution, the Julian calendar used by Russia was thirteen days behind that of the West. Thus the October Revolution (25 October 1917) actually took place on 7 November 1917 according to the Gregorian calendar.

My aim in writing this book was to provide a synthesis of the Russian Revolution to assist university, college and high school students. I have tried to take into account the most recent and incisive works, though like any historian, I have been hampered somewhat by the lack of consensus on many issues. My reliance has been primarily on western secondary works rather than Russian or Soviet ones. The end of the Soviet Union saw the opening of some of the Russian archives and, for a brief spell, the publication of a variety of new works on Lenin and the revolutions of 1917. Russian works, however, have been few, and they are not always reliable as they are written either with a distinctly political hue (D. Volkogonov, for example) or with an eye for the dramatic (as in the case of the work of E. Radzinsky).

I have taught the Russian Revolution for the past seven years at the University of Alberta and in writing this book have kept in mind some of the questions raised by my students and the issues they found most difficult to comprehend. In the vastness of its scope, the Russian Revolution is similar to the Second World War. The student needs something on which to focus, to provide an explanation of the bewildering events. I decided to focus primarily on Lenin as the main architect of the revolution of November and a man who imposed his singular stamp on the Soviet state. As with all personalities, Lenins was not static and this work has argued that the principal change occurred between the period of opposition and that of taking power. Most of the events of 191821 can be explained largely by the intransigence and ruthlessness of the Bolshevik leadership, and Lenin in particular.

I would like to express my gratitude to Gordon Martel, chairman of the History Programme at the University of Northern British Columbia, who is the Editor of this series, and also to Emma Mitchell, my Senior Acquisitions Editor at Longman. Both have shown patience and have been ready with ideas and guidance when required. I am thankful also to my graduate student K im Palmer for her help in the final weeks of preparation, and to two other graduate students in the Department of History and Classics, University of Alberta, who worked very capably as my research assistants in the early stages of the project: Kryszstof Lada and Srja Pavlovic.

David R. Marples
Edmonton, Canada
March 2000

are reproduced by permission of David King Collection.

We are grateful to the University of Michigan Press for permission to reproduce an extract from Political Memoirs, 19051917 by Milyukov The University of Michigan Press 1967.

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