Robert Mason - The Spanish Anarchists of Northern Australia: Revolution in the Sugar Cane Fields

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IBERIAN AND LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES

The Spanish Anarchists of Northern Australia

Series Editors

Professor David George (Swansea University)

Professor Paul Garner (University of Leeds)

Editorial Board

David Frier (University of Leeds)

Lisa Shaw (University of Liverpool)

Gareth Walters (Swansea University)

Rob Stone (University of Birmingham)

David Gies (University of Virginia)

Catherine Davies (University of London)

Richard Cleminson (University of Leeds)

Duncan Wheeler (University of Leeds)

Jo Labanyi (New York University)

Roger Bartra (Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico)

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IBERIAN AND LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES

The Spanish Anarchists
of Northern Australia

Revolution in the Sugar Cane Fields

ROBERT MASON

UNIVERSITY OF WALES PRESS
2018

Robert Mason, 2018

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner. Applications for the copyright owners written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the University of Wales Press, University Registry, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NS.

www.uwp.co.uk

British Library CIP

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-1-78683-308-2

e-ISBN 978-1-78683-310-5

The right of Robert Mason to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 79 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third - party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Cover image: Spanish labourers in 1907, imported to North Queensland plantations by the Colonial Sugar Refinery Company. By permission, Historic Collection / Alamy Stock Photo.

Contents

Series Editors Foreword

Over recent decades the traditional languages and literatures model in Spanish departments in universities in the United Kingdom has been superseded by a contextual, interdisciplinary and area studies approach to the study of the culture, history, society and politics of the Hispanic and Lusophone worlds categories that extend far beyond the confines of the Iberian Peninsula, not only in Latin America but also to Spanish-speaking and Lusophone Africa.

In response to these dynamic trends in research priorities and curriculum development, this series is designed to present both disciplinary and interdisciplinary research within the general field of Iberian and Latin American Studies, particularly studies that explore all aspects of Cultural Production (inter alia literature, film, music, dance, sport) in Spanish, Portuguese, Basque, Catalan, Galician and indigenous languages of Latin America. The series also aims to publish research in the History and Politics of the Hispanic and Lusophone worlds, at the level of both the region and the nation-state, as well as on Cultural Studies that explore the shifting terrains of gender, sexual, racial and postcolonial identities in those same regions.

Introduction

In 1901, the year in which the six Australian colonies federated to become one country, revolution was being plotted across the world. Even as wealthy white men consolidated means to protect their commercial, military and racial interests, networks of anarchists dreamed of their downfall. In imperial Russia, activists in St Petersburg drew on decades of struggle to advocate local control of economic and political decisions. In France, anarchists clashed with socialists over the latters plans for incremental change. In Italy, an anarchist had shot and killed the king less than six months earlier. Across the Atlantic, in the United States of America (USA), the legacies of the Haymarket Massacre in 1886 had been reinvigorated by the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901 at the hands of an anarchist agitator. Further south, in Argentina, anarchists sought to shift from such acts of propagandistic killing and instead use unions to push forward hopes for systemic change. Publicised in the newspapers and carried by migrants around the worlds ports, the anarchist movement appeared to be set for a long period of dominance as one of the worlds foremost historical forces.

In few places was this more evident than in Spain. In 1901, Spain continued to grapple with the loss of its Cuban and Philippine territories to the USA just three years earlier. The countrys major cities were undergoing unprecedented urbanisation as large sections of the countryside came under extreme population pressure. Spains political establishment lacked legitimacy outside the wealthy elite, and anarchists had gradually filled the vacuum, becoming integral parts of communities in the regions of Catalonia, Andalusia and elsewhere. As emigration from Spain increased in response to poverty and lack of opportunity, so too did the outward flow of hopeful workers sympathetic to anarchist ideals.

The flow of ideas was not solely European in origin. Spains former imperial possessions in the AsiaPacific region were also part of the global debate about the evolution of democracy in the twentieth century. In the Philippines, Jos Rizal had long advocated Philippine independence, free from the competing influences of Spain, the Catholic Church and American imperialism. Philippine nationalists had immersed themselves in debates about self-government, individualism and anti-imperialism while in Europe. The Filipino nationalists were not alone in their desire for change in Asia and the Pacific. Others desperately hoped for more radical developments and carried their ideas in the ships that sailed the periphery of the Pacific Ocean, from Canada to Mexico, Chile, New Zealand, the Philippines and China.

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