Eric A. Meyer - CSS: The Definitive Guide: Visual Presentation for the Web
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If youre a web designer or app developer interested in sophisticated page styling, improved accessibility, and saving time and effort, this book is for you. This revised edition provides a comprehensive guide to CSS implementation, along with a thorough review of the latest CSS specifications.
CSS is a constantly evolving language for describing the presentation of web content on screen, printers, speech synthesizers, screen readers, and chat windows. It is used by all browsers on all screen sizes on all types of IoT devices, including phones, computers, video games, televisions, watches, kiosks, and auto consoles. Authors Eric Meyer and Estelle Weyl show you how to improve user experience, speed development, avoid potential bugs, and add life and depth to your applications through layout, transitions and animations, borders, backgrounds, text properties, and many other tools and techniques.
This guide covers:
- Selectors, specificity, and the cascade
- Values, units, fonts, and text properties
- Padding, borders, outlines, and margins
- Colors, backgrounds, and gradients
- Floats and positioning tricks
- Flexible box layout
- The new Grid layout system
- 2D and 3D transforms, transitions, and animation
- Filters, blending, clipping, and masking
- Media and feature queries
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![Eric A. Meyer [Eric A. Meyer] - Padding, Borders, Outlines, and Margins in CSS: CSS Box Model Details](/uploads/posts/book/119142/thumbs/eric-a-meyer-eric-a-meyer-padding-borders.jpg)
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4th Edition
Eric A. Meyer
by Eric A. Meyer
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- June 2017: Fourth Edition
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The OReilly logo is a registered trademark of OReilly Media, Inc. CSS: The Definitive Guide, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of OReilly Media, Inc.
While the publisher and the author(s) have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the author(s) disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.
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[FILL IN]
This book is all about the theoretical side of visual rendering in CSS.Why is it necessary to spend an entire book (however slim) on thetheoretical underpinnings of visual rendering? The answer is that with amodel as open and powerful as that contained within CSS, no book couldhope to cover every possible way of combining properties and effects.You will obviously go on to discover new ways of using CSS. In thecourse of exploring CSS, you may encounter seemingly strange behaviorsin user agents. With a thorough grasp of how the visual rendering modelworks in CSS, youll be able to determine whether a behavior is acorrect (if unexpected) consequence of the rendering engine CSS defines,or whether youve stumbled across a bug that needs to be reported.
At its core, CSS assumes that every element generates one or morerectangular boxes, called elementboxes. (Future versions of thespecification may allow for nonrectangular boxes, and indeed there areproposals to change this, but for now everything is rectangular.) Eachelement box has a content area at its center. This content area issurrounded by optional amounts of padding, borders, outlines, andmargins. These areas are considered optional because they could all beset to a width of zero, effectively removing them from the element box.An example content area is shown in , along with the surroundingregions of padding, borders, and margins.
Each of the margins, borders, and the padding can be set using variousside-specific properties, such as margin-left or border-bottom, aswell as shorthand properties such as padding. The outline, if any,does not have side-specific properties. The contents backgrounda coloror tiled image, for exampleis applied within the padding by default.The margins are always transparent, allowing the background(s) of anyparent element(s) to be visible. Padding cannot have a negative length,but margins can. Well explore the effects of negative margins later on.
Borders are generated using defined styles, such as solid or inset,and their colors are set using the border-color property. If no coloris set, then the border takes on the foreground color of the elementscontent. For example, if the text of a paragraph is white, then anyborders around that paragraph will be white, unless the author explicitly declares a different bordercolor. If a border style has gapsof some type, then the elements background is visible through thosegaps by default. Finally, the width of a border can never be negative.
The various components of an element box can be affected via a number ofproperties, such as width or border-right. Many of these propertieswill be used in this book, even though they arent defined here.
Lets quickly review the kinds of boxes well be discussing, as well assome important terms that are needed to follow the explanations to come:
Normal flowThis is the left-to-right, top-to-bottom rendering of text in Westernlanguages and the familiar text layout of traditional HTML documents.Note that the flow direction may be changed in non-Western languages.Most elements are in the normal flow, and the only way for an element toleave the normal flow is to be floated, positioned, or made into aflexible box or grid layout element. Remember, the discussions in thischapter cover only elements in the normal flow.
Nonreplaced elementThis is an element whose content is contained within the document. For example, a paragraph (p) is a nonreplaced element because its textual content is found within the element itself.
This is an element that serves as a placeholder for something else. The classic example of a replaced element is the img element, which simply points to an image file that is inserted into the documents flow at the point where the img element itself is found. Most form elements are also replaced (e.g., ).
This is the element at the top of the document tree. In HTML documents, this is the element html. In XML documents, it can be whatever the language permits; for example, the root element of RSS files is rss.
This is a box that an element such as a paragraph, heading, or div generates. These boxes generate new lines both before and after their boxes when in the normal flow so that block boxes in the normal flow stack vertically, one after another. Any element can be made to generate a block box by declaring display: block.
This is a box that an element such as strong or span generates. These boxes do not generate linebreaks before or after themselves. Any element can be made to generate an inline box by declaring display: inline.
This is a box that is like a block box internally, but acts like an inline box externally. It acts similar to, but not quite the same as, a replaced element. Imagine picking up a div and sticking it into a line of text as if it were an inline image, and youve got the idea.
There are several other types of boxes, such as table-cell boxes, butthey wont be covered in this book for a variety of reasonsnot the least ofwhich is that their complexity demands a book of its own, and very fewauthors will actually wrestle with them on a regular basis.
There is one more kind of box that we need to examine in detail, and inthis case enough detail that it merits its own section: the
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