1.1 Introduction
There are competent technologies and tools that intrinsically empower IT infrastructures. That is the reason why we often hear, read, and even sometimes experience the buzzwords such as infrastructure as a service (IaaS), infrastructure programming, infrastructure as code. Especially, the impacts of Cloud technologies are really mesmerizing. That is, the Cloud idea is a blessing and boon for IT to do more with less. A variety of novel and noble things are being worked out with the application of the highly popular Cloud concepts. This chapter is specially prepared for enumerating and explaining the various dimensions of IT and how all these advances facilitate a better world for the society.
1.2 The Software-Defined IT
Due to the heterogeneity and multiplicity of software technologies such as programming languages, development models, data formats, and protocols, the software development, operational, and management complexities are growing continuously. Especially, enterprise-grade application development, deployment , and delivery are beset with real challenges. In the recent past, there are several breakthrough mechanisms to develop and run enterprise-grade software in an agile and adroit fashion. There came a number of complexity-mitigation and rapid development techniques for producing production-grade software in a swift and smart manner. The leverage of divide and conquer and the separation of crosscutting concerns techniques are being consistently experimented and encouraged to develop flexible and futuristic software solutions. The potential concepts of abstraction, encapsulation, virtualization, and other compartmentalization methods are being copiously invoked to reduce the software production pain. In addition, there are performance engineering and enhancement aspects getting utmost consideration from software architects, testing professionals, DevOps folks, and site reliability engineers (SREs). Thus software development processes, best practices, design patterns, evaluation metrics, key guidelines, integrated platforms, enabling frameworks, simplifying templates, programming models, etc., are gaining immense significance in this software-defined world.
On the other hand, the software suites are being proclaimed as the most significant factor in bringing in the real automation for businesses as well as individuals. Automating the various business tasks gets nicely and neatly fulfilled through the leverage of powerful software products and packages. Originally, software was being touted as the business enabler. Now the trend is remarkably changing for a better world. That is, every individual is being lustrously enabled through software innovations, disruptions, and transformations. In other words, software is becoming the most appropriate tool for people empowerment. The contributions of the enigmatic software field are consistently on the rise. The software has been penetrative, participative, and pervasive. We already hear, read, and even experience software-defined Cloud environments. Every tangible thing is being continuously upgraded to be software-defined. Even the security domain got a name change. That is, the paradigm of software-defined security is becoming popular.
Digitized Objects through Software enablement All kinds of common, cheap, and casual things in our everyday environments are software-enabled to be digitized. All the digitized entities and elements are capable of joining in the mainstream computing. Digital objects in the vicinity are inherently capable of getting connected with one another and can interact with remotely held enabled things, Web site contents, Cloud services, data sources, etc. Implantables, wearables, handhelds, instruments, equipment, machines, wares, consumer electronics, utensils, and other embedded systems (resource-constrained or intensive) are getting systematically digitized and networked in order to be remotely monitored, measured, managed, and maintained. Precisely speaking, any physical, mechanical, and electrical systems are software-enabled through an arsenal of edge technologies (sensors, microcontrollers, stickers, RFID tags, bar codes, beacons and LEDs, smart dust, specks, etc.). Even robots, drones, and our everyday items are precisely software-enabled to be distinct in their operations, outputs, and offerings. When sentient materials become digitized, then they are able to form a kind of ad hoc network in order to bring forth better and bigger accomplishments for humans. Everything is becoming smart, every device becomes smarter, and human beings are being empowered by the IoT and cyber-physical systems (CPSs) to be the smartest in their everyday decisions, deals, and deeds.
As per the market analysis and research reports, there will be millions of software services, billions of connected devices, and trillions of digitized entities in the years ahead. The challenge is to how to produce production-grade, highly integrated, and reliable software suites that draw its data from different and distributed devices. The software field has to grow along with all the other advancements happening in the business and IT spaces.
1.3 The Agile IT
The development and release cycles are becoming shorter and shorter. Delivering the right business value is what the software development is now all about. Traditionally, a software development project was structured in long cycles containing different well-defined phases like requirements gathering and analysis, systems architecture and design, system development, system test and system release containing the entire scope of a system. The brewing trend is to bring in the desired agility in software engineering. As a result, software development and release cycles have become shorter. It is important to release a small scope of functionality quickly so immediate feedback can be received from the users. The evolution of a system becomes a more gradual approach.
There are agile methods being rolled out to speed up the process of bringing software solutions and services to the market. Pair programming, extreme programming, Scrum, behavior-driven development (BDD), and test-driven development (TDD) are the prominent and dominant ways and means of achieving the goals of agile programming. That is, software gets constructed quickly but the story does not end there. After the development activity, the unit, integration, and regression tests happen to validate the software. Thereafter, the software is handed over to the administration and operational team to deploy the production-grade software in production environments to be subscribed and used by many.
Now the operational team also has to equally cooperate with the development team to set up the reliable operational environment to deploy and run applications. The speed with which the runtime environments and the ICT infrastructures are being established and supplied plays a very vital role in shaping up the agile delivery of software applications to their users. Precisely speaking, for ensuring business agility, besides the proven agile programming techniques, the operational efficiency is bound to play a very critical role. That is, the need of leveraging a wider variety of automated tools for enabling the distinct goals of DevOps is being widely recognized and hence the DevOps movement is gaining a lot of traction these days.