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Bermúdez Alfredo - Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism

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Bermúdez Alfredo Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism

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1. The harmonic oscillator -- 2. The Series RLC Circuit -- 3. Linear electrical circuits -- 4. Maxwells equations in free space -- 5. Some solutions of Maxwells equations in free space -- 6. Maxwells equations in material regions -- 7. Electrostatics -- 8. Direct current -- 9. Magnetostatics -- 10. The eddy currents model -- 11. An introduction to nonlinear magnetics. Hysteresis -- 12. Electrostatics with MaxFEM -- 13. Direct current with MaxFEM -- 14. Magnetostatics with MaxFEM -- 15. Eddy currents with MaxFEM -- 16. RLC circuits with MaxFEM -- A : Elements of graph theory -- B : Vector Calculus -- C : Function spaces for electromagnetism -- D : Harmonic regime: average values -- E : Linear nodal and edge finite elements -- F : Maxwells equations in Lagrangian coordinates.;The book represents a basic support for a master course in electromagnetism oriented to numerical simulation. The main goal of the book is that the reader knows the boundary-value problems of partial differential equations that should be solved in order to perform computer simulation of electromagnetic processes. Moreover it includes a part devoted to electric circuit theory based on ordinary differential equations. The book is mainly oriented to electric engineering applications, going from the general to the specific, namely, from the full Maxwells equations to the particular cases of electrostatics, direct current, magnetostatics and eddy currents models. Apart from standard exercises related to analytical calculus, the book includes some others oriented to real-life applications solved with MaxFEM free simulation software.

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Part I
Lumped Parameter Models: Electric Circuit Theory
Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
Alfredo Bermdez , Dolores Gmez and Pilar Salgado Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism UNITEXT 10.1007/978-3-319-02949-8_1
1. The harmonic oscillator
Alfredo Bermdez 1, Dolores Gmez 1 and Pilar Salgado 1
(1)
Department of Applied Mathematics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
1.1 1.1 A mechanical system
Let us consider a mass-spring system vibrating with simple harmonic motion. We assume that the amount of stretch is proportional to the restoring force F and, in a first step, that the mass slides freely without loss of energy.
By combining Hookes law, F = kx , with Newtons second law, F = ma = m Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 1 , we get the model
Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 2
where m denotes the mass, x the displacement of the mass from the equilibrium position and Picture 3 = d2 x/ d t 2 is the acceleration. The negative sign in Hookes law reflects the opposing nature of the force. The positive constant k is called stiffness or spring constant and in the International System of Units (SI) it is measured in N/m.
Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 4
Fig. 1.1
A typical damped mass-spring system
By introducing
Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 5
the motion equation can be rewritten as
Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 6
The general solution of this linear differential equation is a periodic function that has any of the two following forms:
Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 7
(1.1)
12 where A B and C are free parameters The period T is given by The - photo 8
(1.2)
where A , , B and C are free parameters. The period T is given by
The frequency is the number of periods per unit time ie and the SI unit is - photo 9
The frequency is the number of periods per unit time, i.e.,
and the SI unit is hertz Hz By taking derivatives in we get the velocity and - photo 10
and the SI unit is hertz (Hz).
By taking derivatives in we get the velocity and the acceleration which are given by
Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 11
Moreover, the initial-value problem consists of finding a particular solution satisfying
Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 12
Easy computations show that the corresponding values of A and are given by
Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 13
In a similar way we can obtain B and C :
Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 14
Parameters A and are related with B and C by
12 12 Using complex functions Undamped oscillations In this section we - photo 15
1.2 1.2 Using complex functions. Undamped oscillations
In this section we introduce the use of complex-valued functions for solving linear ordinary differential equations like the one previously obtained for the harmonic oscillator.
In the rest of the chapter we will make use of some well-known equalities that have been summarized in .
Firstly, let us observe that, for any homogeneous linear ordinary differential equations with real coefficients, the complex-valued function y ( t ) = y 1( t ) + y 2( t ) i is a complex solution if and only if the real functions y 1( t ) and y 2( t ) are solutions.
Then we seek a solution of problem of the form
Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 16
for some is and Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 17 .
For this purpose we replace x in with Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 18 e it . We get,
Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 19
and then either Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 20 = 0 (in which case we obtain the trivial solution) or = 0.
Let Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism - image 21 . Then
Thus is the amplitude of the solution while arg is its phase - photo 22
Thus Picture 23 is the amplitude of the solution while = arg( is its phase is called complex amplitude or phasor Table 11 Some u - photo 24 ) is its phase . is called complex amplitude or phasor Table 11 Some useful identities - photo 25 is called complex amplitude or phasor.
Table 11 Some useful identities 13 13 Damped oscillations We suppose - photo 26
Table 1.1
Some useful identities
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