THE BRITISH CONSULAR SERVICE IN THE AEGEAN AND THE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES FOR THE BRITISH MUSEUM
To Patrick and William
and their delightful cheerfulness
The British Consular Service in the Aegean and the Collection of Antiquities for the British Museum
Lucia Patrizio Gunning
First published 2009 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
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Copyright Lucia Patrizio Gunning 2009
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Gunning, Lucia Patrizio
The British consular service in the Aegean and the collection of antiquities for the British Museum
1. Great Britain. Consulate (Ionian Islands, Greece) History 19th century 2. Classical antiquities Collectors and collecting Greece Ionian Islands History 19th century 3. Classical antiquities Collectors and collecting Greece History 19th century 4. Ionian Islands (Greece) Antiquities 5. Greece Antiquities
I. Title
709.3'8'075
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gunning, Lucia Patrizio.
The British consular service in the Aegean and the collection of antiquities for the British Museum / Lucia Patrizio Gunning.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7546-6023-1 (alk. paper)
1. Great Britain Relations Aegean Sea Region. 2. Aegean Sea Region Relations Great Britain. 3. Diplomatic and consular service, BritishAegean Sea Region History 19th century. 4. Aegean Sea Region Antiquities Collection and preservation History 19th century. 5. British Museum History 19th century. 6. Ionian Islands (Greece) History 18151864. 7. Great Britain Foreign relations 18001837. 8. Great Britain Foreign relations 18371901. 9. Antiquities Collection and preservation Political aspects Case studies. I. Title.
DA47.9.A34G86 2008
939'.10075dc22
2008046200
ISBN 978-0-7546-6023-1 (hbk)
This book represents the whole of our married life! my husband recently said to me, and I suddenly understood how the consuls had, without my noticing, stayed with me for over ten years, from my marriage to the birth and growth of my two children. I started this study as a postgraduate research project for my university in Italy. The grant they had offered me to study abroad had followed an earlier one to look at Lord Byrons involvement in the struggle for Greek independence. This second study, which coincided with the beginning of my married life, was a small part of a much larger research project that the University of LAquila was carrying out in the Aegean. To my initial dismay, I immediately discovered how understudied the consuls were generally, let alone in the specific context of the Aegean. Where the literature of travel was copious, as were the studies around it, I found that mine would have to be a pioneering study, building upon the only recent previous publication D.C.M Platts The Cinderella Service . Fortunately the primary sources for my study were copious and this book is largely built on them. The directions it could have taken were many and I have tried to address the ones that have intrigued me most, using the primary sources to present the consuls, their activities and their views in their own words.
As this book comes out, I realise how much more it could have said, explained, and found out. However, my intention is to lay the foundations for further research. And I hope that, as more research in this field emerges, the fascinating implications of the collection of antiquities for national institutions will at the same time become a recognised subject of academic teaching and study.
I would like to thank all the people that over the course of the years have helped, encouraged, read, listened to or supported me in their own ways: Professor Stephen Conway, Professor Michael Crawford, Professor David dAvray, Professor Elio Lo Cascio, Professor Stelio Marchese, Professor Richard Bryar, Professor Richard Tomlison and Dr James Whitley of the British School at Athens, Sir Oliver Miles, British Ambassador at Athens, Mrs Photini Constantinopulou of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Athens, Dr Fanny Maria Tzigakou of the Bennaki Museum, and Mrs Selica Valentini of the Museums Archive, Ms Katerina Karagiannopoulou of the Historic Archive of Mytilini in Lesvos, Janet Wallace and Christopher Date at the Central Archives of the British Museum, and Stephanie Clarke who has replaced them, Dr John Curtis and Dr Paul Collins at the Middle Eastern Department, Dr Lesley Fitton (to whom goes my gratitude for her kind permission to publish the original photographs from Newtons excavations in this book) and Dr Ian Jenkins at The Greek and Roman Antiquities Department, the staff of the Paul Hamlyn Library, of the British Library, of the National Archives in Kew, the staff of the British School at Athens, the Honorary British Consul at Rhodes, Mr Dimitri Demetriades; the consular correspondent at Lesvos, Mrs Mairwen Karydis; my publisher, Tom Gray and Lianne Sherlock at the editorial department at Ashgate; Peter and Jennifer Gunning, my parents, Serafino and Pasqualina Patrizio, my husband Barnaby and my children, Patrick and William, to whom this book is dedicated.
Lucia Patrizio Gunning
This book aims to tell the story of how the British consular service in the Aegean, in the years of the British protectorate of the Ionian Islands, became an agency for the retrieval, excavation and collection of antiquities eventually destined for the British Museum.
It sets out three main challenges to current views. For those interested in the history of travel in the Levant, or more generally in the Grand Tour, the book presents a different point of view, that of the consuls, which challenges the descriptions of the travellers, giving the perspective of foreign residents, one that has so far been ignored.
For those interested in British diplomatic history, this book is also a novelty, because it looks at the consuls in both their official and private circumstances, and compares their situation under the Levant Company with that of the Foreign Office run consular service. The results of the study are fascinating and reveal the necessity for more research in this field.
Thirdly and more substantially, the book analyses the collection of antiquities for the British Museum, setting out to answer the call of Ilaria Bignamini. in her book Archives and Excavations , Bignamini denounces the lack of studies of the archaeological record and related analyses of remains discovered in the past, ... the absence of archaeological biographies ... and more generally of studies of the institutional mechanisms governing the search for, discovering, acquisition and export of antiquities'.