First published in the UK in 2018 by Handheld Press Ltd.
72 Warminster Road, Bath BA2 6RU
www.handheldpress.co.uk
Copyright of the Notes and Introduction Kate Macdonald
Copyright of the Letters The Descendants of Frank and Lucy Sunderland
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ISBN 978-1-999881-37-5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Series design by Nadja Guggi and typeset in Open Sans.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow.
Front cover: Chrissie, Dora, Morris and Lucy Sunderland, with Morris in the Motor, June 1917.
The Descendants of Frank and Lucy Sunderland
Acknowledgements
The editor is grateful to Elizabeth and Tom Heydeman, Julia Prescott, Robert Sunderland, and the other descendants of Frank and Lucy Sunderland, for their work in retyping their grandparents letters, for their assistance in identifying individuals and places, and for permission to publish the edited letters. She is also grateful for Rebecca Wynters useful suggestions, and Tanya Izzards list of corrections discovered while making the index.
Kate Macdonald is a literary historian, and has published widely on British publishing and print history of the First World War. After teaching English literature at Ghent University and at the University of Reading, she returned to her former career of publishing to establish Handheld Press. She researches the business relationships between twentieth-century authors and their publishers.
Introduction
BY KATE MACDONALD
Background
Traditional histories of the First World War tend to exclude women writers in favour of male-authored literature from the trenches, which helps to restrict public understanding of the war to the soldiers perspective. The literary historian Margaret Higonnet notes that An emphasis on the firing line, which distinguishes the masculine battlefront from the feminine home front, has diverted attention from the history of womens experience of war. This edited collection of First World War letters fits into this reframing of the literature of war, and will, I hope, encourage a more complete understanding of the effects of war on the family unit, and on the burdens shouldered by women left to bring up their families alone.
Frank and Lucy Sunderland were English pacifists and fervent believers in Labour politics and the Garden City movement. They had moved to Letchworth from London for their childrens health, and were enthusiastic supporters of this community, which was designed for social and environmental harmony. After Frank was imprisoned for his conscientious objection to military service, Lucy worked to support their family of three children by collecting insurance premiums and taking in sewing. The predominantly pacifist and Quaker community in Letchworth supported them during their ordeal, in contrast to the attitudes of their families in London, who viewed Franks stance as unpatriotic. Frank and Lucy wrote to each other as often as the law permitted, from his first arrest in November 1916 until his release in April 1919. Lucy's letters are rare surviving evidence of a working-class womans wartime experience in her own words.
As well as testifying to their love and loyalty to each other, the letters show how their shared beliefs upheld the couple through two and a half years of separation, thinking through how a better future for all in a more equal society could be achieved. The letters record their daily lives, the increasing hardships of war on the Home Front, how Lucy began to involve herself more in politics during the war, and contemporary events. Lucys nascent feminism was inspired by attending adult education classes and public talks by Sylvia Pankhurst and other feminist campaigners. She gained self-confidence by finding herself able to support her husband and family financially and emotionally, though the strains were hard. Her increasing involvement in civic and local organisation helped her cope with the stress of separation, and strengthened the networks that supported her during the frightening outbreak of scarlet fever in their family, and her mothers sudden death. Frank maintained his psychological equilibrium by enlarging his political and theological knowledge through extensive reading and cell discussions.
1. Dora and Chrissie Sunderland, March 1918.
2. Lucy and her son Morris Sunderland, March 1918
Frank was an example of the worthy conscientious objector (CO), an older man of tested principles who was respected by the authorities for his beliefs. The Military Service Act of 2 January 1916 came into force on 2 March, introducing conscription for unmarried men aged between 18 and 41 (there were some exemptions). A second Act in May 1916 extended conscription to all married men. A conscience clause was included in the original Act, after lobbying by the Quakers and the No Conscription Fellowship. The legal historian Lois Bibbings notes that:
those with a conscientious objection to military service could be granted various forms of exemption from conscription by (successfully) applying to a tribunal system [] The most limited form of exemption allowed for recognised objectors to be enlisted into the military but provided that they were only required to undertake non-combatant work in the Non-Combatant Corps (partial exemption) [] Alternative service exempted men from the military on the condition that they undertake or continue to be employed in work that was deemed to be acceptable and of national importance (conditional exemption).
Frank had left school at the minimum age but continued to read voraciously, educating himself in the classic fashion of an autodidact for the period. He and Lucy married in 1904. He served in the City of London Volunteers as a young man and was listed in the 1911 Census as an iron machinist for the Midland Railway. He later became a cabinet maker and, after the war, a picture framer and smallholder.
When war broke out in 1914, Frank had evolved his politics, and his stance on fighting as a means to end conflict, in line with his Christian faith. He had been a Presbyterian, but he asked for a Quaker chaplain on entering prison, and occasionally mentions preaching himself, an extension of the ad hoc lectures that he would deliver to his cell-mates.