Introduction
Are you in your workout gear? Sweatband on? Welcome to the mental gymnasium of Dr. Clifford Pickoverhis latest collection of 73 mind-bending puzzles. Sure, theres work ahead that is guaranteed to make your brain sharper, quicker, and more skillful. But theres plenty of fun, too, on this rollercoaster ride through an unpredictable universe of brainteasers.
I have known Cliff Pickover for many years, through the writing of his vast collection of award-winning popular science and mathematics books, and through his intriguing Web site, www.pickover.com, which is hosted on my Web server. During that time, he has been designing and collecting puzzles, games, and mazes, many of which youll find in this book. As long as I have known Cliff, he has been on an endless quest to expand creativityto meld art, science, mathematics, computers, and much, much more in an attempt to stretch the mind, or as he says, shatter it.
This book, hopefully, wont shatter your mind, but it will expand it. Each challenging puzzle is fully illustrated and requires no specialized knowledge to find the solution. Some of the teasers may appear to be idle curiosities, with little practical application or purpose. Researchers, however, have discovered that our brains are malleable (or as neuroscientists say, plastic), and exciting mental challenges like these puzzles mold minds to become more skillful at problem solving. And what is more important to success than effective critical thinking? In addition, solving puzzles such as these makes excellent preparation for anyone who intends to pursue a scientific career, since a large part of what researchers do is to solve the puzzles present in real-world engineering challenges or associated with the mystifying behavior of nature itself.
You may wish to work on the puzzles with others, to foster your skills, or to have some fun social interaction. Or maybe you just want to go outdoors or inside a large closet and work away, all by yourself. You may even wish to test your gray matter and develop similar puzzles to share with family and friends.
Many young people, as well as educators and scientists like myself, have written to Dr. Pickover to say they have enjoyed his puzzles and found them to be challenging, fun, educational, and useful. I hope you will think so too.
Dr. Julien Clinton Sprott, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of WisconsinMadison
The Intergalactic Zoo
Illustrated by Kevin Sartoris
An alien is abducting Earth animals for an intergalactic zoo. Getting them safely to the zoo could be a problem, since the alien doesnt know which animals might attack others on the way. He decides to keep the animals in the darkened ship hovering above the zoo until it is time to put them in their cages. The darkness should encourage the animals to sleep, rather than fight... he hopes.
Inside the ship there are five pair of antelope, four pair of lions, and two pair of zebras. (A pair consists of a male and a female.) When he is ready, the alien will open a chute that will let the animals drop safely from the ship, one at a time, into individual cages. Later, he will match the species, and pairs within a species. He wants to end up with two animals of one species, plus a pair of the same species. It is night, so the alien cant differentiate between the animals. Assuming no fighting occurred through the night
1. How many animals must he drop to ensure that he has two animals of the same species on the ground?
2. How many must he drop to ensure that he has a male-female pair of the same species?
Hurry, the alien needs answers. Daylight is just minutes away!
Survival Episode: Beat the Beetles
Illustrated by Matthew Marquis
Your captors drop you off in a grassy field on a secluded island. Its all part of a survival TV show. They tell you that they are going to put two beetlesone red and one greeninto an opaque flask and then you will draw one beetle from the flask without looking. The procedure sounds simple enough until they announce that if the beetle you draw is green, you will be trapped on the island indefinitely. If it is red, you will be set free immediately.
One of the captors bends down and picks up two beetles to put in the flask, but you notice that he has cheated and put in two green beetles. You want to scream, Cheater! However, his resulting anger could be dangerous. Knowing that there are two green beetles in the flask, how can you seem to go along with the plan and still be set free?
Can Carl Survive?
Illustrated by Tim Foley
Your pet giraffe, Carl, is buried in the sand alongside the Atlantic Ocean. Only his head sticks up so that he can study the ocean level. The fiendish aliens who buried Carl are about to melt the polar icecaps. What do you think will happen to Carl as a result?
For example, you might reason that the melting of the icecaps could cause the oceans to rise and drown poor Carl. On the other hand, ice occupies more volume than water, so the ocean level might drop if the ice melts. (Consider that a drinking glass full of ice doesnt overflow when the ice melts.) However, this is in conflict with what you have heard about low-elevation areas being flooded if greenhouse gases warm the Earth. We have a challenging problem here.