Faces of Feminism
Foundations of Social Inquiry
Scott McNall and Charles Tilly
Series Editors
Faces of Feminism: An Activist's Reflections on the Women's Movement ,
Sheila Tobias
Criminological Controversies: A Methodological Primer, John Hagan,
A. R. Gillis, and David Brownfield
Immigration in America's Future, David M. Heer
What Does Your Wife Do? Gender and the Transformation of Family
Life, Leonard Beeghley
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Foundations of Social Inquiry
First published 1997 by Westview Press
Published 2018 by Routledge
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tobias, Sheila.
Faces of feminism: an activist's reflections on the women's
movement / Sheila Tobias.
p. cm.(Foundations of social inquiry)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8133-2842-X (hc)0-8133-2843-8 (pb)
1. FeminismUnited States. 2. Feminist theory. I. Title.
II. Series.
HQ1426.T64 1997
305.42dc21 96-40894
CIP
Text design by Heather Hutchison
ISBN 13: 978-0-8133-2843-0 (pbk)
Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this book but points out that some imperfections from the original may be apparent.
To the people whose feminism shaped mine:
Kate Millett, Gloria Steinem, Betty Friedan,
Florence Howe, Catharine Stimpson, Sonia Pressman Fuentes,
Bernice Sandler, Dorothy Haener, Pauli Murray
Eleanor Smeal, Lenore Weitzman, Vivian Gornick,
Sheila Ruth, Betsy Holland Gehman, Helen Astin, Alice Rossi,
Sylvia Roberts, Gerda Lerner, Berenice Carroll,
Frances ("Sissy") Farenthold, Amy Swerdlow, Jo Freeman,
Cindy Cisler, Mary Jean Tully, Bill Chafe, Linda Kerber,
Pat Graham, Leslie Wolfe, Mariam Chamberlain,
Yvonne Ozzello, Suzanne Taylor, Margaret Feldman,
Donna Shavlik, Emily Taylor, JoAnn Evans Gardner,
Eileen Shanahan, Alison Bernstein, Elly Anderson, Jessie Bernard,
Alice Cook, Barbara Richardson, Patricia Lamb, Jennie Farley,
Sister Joel Reed, Cynthia Fuchs Epstein, Barbara Bergmann,
Elizabeth Janeway, Carolyn Heilbrun, Myra Dinnerstein,
Jean Lipman Blumen, Harold Feldman, Wilma Scott Heide,
Joan Kelly, Shirley R. Bysiewicz, Catherine East, and Audrey Beck.
And in memory of my sister and first friend, Deanne Tobias Abedon,
1937-1996, in tribute to her love of family and her strength.
Feminism, appropriately enough, initiated the cultural work of exposing the gendered nature of history, culture, and society.... The category of the human the standard against which all difference translates into lack, insufficiency was brought down to earth, given a pair of pants, and reminded that it was not the only player in town.
Susan Bordo, "Feminism, Postmodernism, and Gender Skepticism"
History is always a combination of continuity and surprise.
Jan Romein, historian
THERE HAS BEEN MUCH LOOSE TALK of late about "postfeminism" in America. Critics of feminism, such as Phyllis Schlafly, Sylvia Ann Hewlett, and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, have asserted that the majority of womenthe kind they claim to speak forfind the feminist agenda contrary to their needs and values. Like Marxism in its middle period, there are deviations to the right, deviations to the left, and far too much concern with what is "politically correct."
I believe, to the contrary, that a central core in the second wave of feminism still exists, a core that resides in the penetrating and at the same time immensely unsettling analysis of "sexual politics" that the writer Kate Millett taught us how to do twenty-five years ago. And I believe feminism still can unite around a single goal: the overthrow of the too-easy acceptance of male domination that, because it has been around so long, feels natural. Millett gave male domination a name. "Patriarchy," she called it, to the discomfort of many good men who did not recognize themselves either as exploiters or abusers of women. But patriarchy as she used the term meant much more than the sexist behavior of individuals. Patriarchy is a system by which men who would sincerely have it otherwise are advantaged just by being male. Since patriarchy comes in many guises, feminists have much to learn from earlier stages in the struggle against it. We risk losing the future, in other words, if we discount the past.
I first encountered Millett's thinking when she was invited in November 1968 to do a reading from her book Sexual Politics (still in manuscript) before a gathering of soon-to-become feminists at Cornell University, and I have never stopped drawing sustenance and stimulation from her work. Our group had not gone looking for Kate Millettno one knew of her work at the timeand she had not gone looking for us.
When I sought her out in early fall, however, Atkinson declined our invitation, explaining to me, with the patience reserved for the unenlightened, that she did not speak before "mixed audiences"audiences, it took me a while to comprehend, that included men. So unless I could restrict the attendance, she recommended as a substitute the head of the nascent New York NOW (National Organization for Women) task force on education, a doctoral student in Columbia University's literature department named Kate Millett. Two years later, after Time magazine featured Millett and her book in a cover story remarkable for its attention to a movement as young as the "new feminism," everyone would be familiar with the broad outline of Millett's theories of patriarchy and "sexual politics." But as we soon-to-become feminists sat transfixed by her presentation in November 1968, we already knew in our bones that history was about to be made and that we were going to be a part of its making.
Some would say that Millett, to whom, among others, this book is dedicated, is no longer in the movement's mainstream; that, in the face of so many individual women's achievements since 1968 and the passing of so much new equal rights legislation in America, her stark rendering of patriarchy is obsolete. Others would maintain that her theory of sexual politics has been superseded by feminist thinking more sensitive to women's differences than to the sameness of their social roles. Some would say that. I would not. For me, the insights that cascade from the pages of Millett's work remain as fiery and as much a call to arms as Thomas Jefferson's "We hold these truths to be self-evident."