Table of Contents
To my mother and my sister for their love
To the memory of my friend Kathy Evans
To my husband, Pasha,
who is the most wondrous of dreamers,
and who reminds me every day of
the possibilities of tomorrow
MAP OF AFGHANISTAN
Map courtesy of Bowring Cartographic
CAST OF CHARACTERS
Mujahedeen (Warlord) Government 19926
(Supported by U.S.)
RASHID DOSTUM: allied first with communist, then with Massood, and then with Hekmatyar
MOHAMMED FAHIM: interior minister who ordered Karzai arrested
JALALUDDIN HAQQANI: key commander in mujahedeen government
GULBUDDIN HEKMATYAR: prime minister who attacked Kabul for four years
HAMID KARZAI: deputy foreign minister
MAULVI YOUNIS KHALIS: education minister who dismissed education for girls as unnecessary, welcomed Osama bin Laden to Afghanistan from Sudan
AHMED SHAH MASSOOD: defense minister and ethnic Tajik who ignored Karzai requests to bring ethnic Pashtuns into the government and to Kabul from the south and the east of the country, killed on Sept. 9, 2001 by Tunisian suicide bombers posing as television journalists
ABDUL RASUL SAYYAF: factional leader who controlled interior ministry, whose soldiers committed atrocities, operated training camps and welcomed Osama bin Laden to Afghanistan from Sudan
GUL AGA SHERZAI: governor of southern Kandahar province, warlord, and drug baron
HAJJI ABDUL QADIR: governor of eastern Nangarhar province who gave welcoming speech at lunch for Osama bin Laden after he arrived in Afghanistan from Sudan in 1996
Taliban Government 19962001
QATRADULLAH JAMAL: information minister
JALALUDDIN HAQQANI: key commander in Taliban government
MULLAH MOHAMMED KHAKSAR: moderate Taliban, former intelligence minister, still in Kabul
MULLAH WAKIL AHMED MUTTAWAKIL: former foreign minister, moderate
MULLAH OBEIDULLAH: defense minister
MULLAH MOHAMMED OMAR: fought in U.S.-backed war against invading Soviet Union, founded Taliban to end lawlessness of mujahedeen, imposed repressive and rigid interpretation of Islam
President Hamid Karzais Government December 2001 (Supported by the U.S.)
MOHAMMED FAHIM: former defense minister
HAMID KARZAI: president
MAULVI YOUNIS KHALIS: allied to Qadirs provincial government
HAJJI ABDUL QADIR: governor of eastern Nangarhar province and Cabinet minister until his death in 2002
ABDUL RASUL SAYYAF: key advisor
GUL AGA SHERZAI: Kandahar governor (briefly Cabinet minister)
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
*All photos are courtesy of the Associated Press, unless otherwise indicated.
Page 1 | TopGulbuddin Hekmatyar with Commander Jalaluddin Haqqani in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Photo courtesy of Bangash Khan. MiddleHekmatyar reviews guard of honor in Islamabad, Pakistan. Photo courtesy of Bangash Khan. BottomHekmatyar is sworn in as prime minister of Afghanistan in 1996 by Burhanuddin Rabbani (left). Looking on is Abdul Rasul Sayyaf (right). |
Page 2 | TopAuthor Kathy Gannon at Torkham border post in 2001 with Riaz Khan (center) and Mullah Hanifi (right). BottomU.S. leaflets dropped throughout the countryside to persuade Afghans to help against the Taliban. |
Page 3 | TopFormer Afghan communist president Najibullah and his brother are hung in the Kabul town square. BottomTaliban members celebrate Afghan independence in Kabul, less than two months before the 9/11 attacks. |
Page 4 | Taliban escort Christian missionaries back to their cells. |
Page 5 | Setting up a satellite telephone on the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan. |
Page 6 | Mullah Mohammed Khaksar, former Taliban intelligence chief |
Page 7 | Destroyed Bamiyan Buddha |
Page 8 | Abdul Rasul Sayyaf addresses a news conference with Ahmed Shah Masood. Photo courtesy of Bangash Khan. |
PROLOGUE
Friends or Foes
Karim is not his real name. I know my friends real name, but he is too afraid to use it.
Fear, war, and repression are like threads woven into the fabric of Afghans: fear of the Russians, of the mujahedeen, of the Arabs, of al Qaeda, Pakistanis, Americans, B-52 bombers, and of each other.
My friend is a man with a history. His left arm is slightly disfigured, the elbow smashed by a Russian bullet, a battlefield scar gained fighting the invading Soviet soldiers in the 1980s. Back then, he was a brave mujahedeen, unmoved by the sight of the Russian enemy, unafraid to heave a rocket launcher onto his shoulder, take aim, and fire. But in 2004 near the border of Afghanistan, as he sits across from me, he is too afraid to be identified.
Do you want me to be killed? His smile is nervous. He doesnt say anything else. He just looks at me, silently. I wonder what to do.
Were sitting at a long wooden table that is hidden beneath a coffee-stained tablecloth at a hotel in Pakistans frontier city of Peshawar, not too far from the border with Afghanistan. Its a rugged little city largely inhabited by fierce Pathan tribesmen, who live on both sides of the border, here and in Afghanistan.
Peshawar is about 400 kilometers from the Afghan capital of Kabul and relatively safe for my Afghan friend. Ive always loved Peshawar. There is a romance about the city, which looks eastward to the Khyber Pass, a historically treacherous stretch of road that nineteenth-century British colonialists could neither tame nor travel without being massacred. Peshawar sits at the crossroads of the ancient silk route. In its heart, snuggled in the middle of aromatic spice bazaars, where everyone is deafened by a cacophony of screaming rickshaws and blaring car horns, is the storyteller bazaar. Its name harkens back some 2,000 years to a time when caravans of weary traders, their animals bundled high with exotic silks and spices, would stop for the night, bed their tired beasts, and trade stories of the road they had just traveled and the dangers they had faced.
The first time I visited Peshawar was in 1986. Then, nearly 5 million Afghans, who had fled a Soviet invasion of their homeland, lived as refugees in camps that crowded in on Peshawar.
A lot has happened in the intervening years. The Soviet Union withdrew its occupation troops and a brutal civil war among Islamic mujahedeen groups followed; their feuding ways gave rise to the repressive Taliban regime, which was cut down by the U.S.-led war in 2001, bringing in Hamid Karzais government and returning many of the same feuding mujahedeen to positions of power. So much has changed, yet so little has changed.
I look down at the tablecloth, finger the teaspoon, wait for my friend to say something. I pour another cup of coffee. Its cold now, and the milk, which had been boiled, has coagulated. Theres a television on in the corner of the room. The picture is fuzzy, but its easy to see it is a cricket match, a popular sport in this part of the world.