Praise for JELLYS BLUES
[Reich and Gaines] have rescued the real man from the dustbin of history.
San Francisco Chronicle
Remarkable... the first to offer a truly fresh, clear-eyed view of the musicians career.
Houston Chronicle
A biography-with-attitude.
Baltimore Sun
It is satisfying to at last have Mortons whole life documented in a single comprehensive volume.
New York Sun
The authors argue persuasively that Morton does deserve credit for, in effect, inventing jazz.
San Jose Mercury News
Combines a jazz lovers feel for Mortons music with a detectives keen eye for biographical detail... an engaging portrait.
San Francisco Bay Guardian
Offer[s] much insight into [a] complex subjectin many respects the father of written jazzwhich is missing from earlier Morton biographies.
Library Journal, starred review
An important, vindicatory contribution to music history, restoring Morton to the high station he deserves in American jazz.
Kirkus Reviews, starred review
Evoking the soulfulness of Jelly Roll Morton and his hometown of New Orleans, Reich and Gaines offer a comprehensive and engaging biography of one of the twentieth centurys most inspired and dedicated composers. With the help of previously unavailable archival materials, we learn of the many tragedies and ultimate triumphs of Morton.
Wynton Marsalis
At last! Here is a book that reveals the real Jelly Roll. The brilliance, the human frailty, courage in the face of adversity while developing the survival skills necessary to negotiate both the positive and negative conditions of his environment. Kudos to Reich and Gaines for their dedication and foresight in bringing this truly American story to the public.
Ellis L. Marsalis, Jr.
This wonderful biography of a jazz original is the definitive one. Not since Alan Lomaxs conversations with Jelly Roll Morton years ago have I been so moved. Howard Reich and William Gaines have given jazz aficionados a real gift.
Studs Terkel
Jellys Blues has documented the life and contributions of Jelly Roll Morton better than all the collected information I have read about him. I am grateful to the authors for this revelation. This book will surely redeem Jelly Rolls deserved place in the annals of American music.
Dave Brubeck
At last, we have a book that celebrates Mortons life, his struggles, and his contributions to art, a book that relies on historical facts rather than the overblown myths that have served to degrade his place in American music history.
Marcus Roberts
Here is a truly vibrant and fascinating story of the brilliant musician and composer Jelly Roll Morton. Howard Reich and William Gaines shine the spotlight on this amazing man in a new way. They have brought Jelly to his rightful place in musical history, with their searching, detailed analysis of his compositions, and they bring his luminous playing to life.
Marian McPartland
JELLYS BLUES
The Life, Music, and
Redemption of
JELLY ROLL MORTON
Howard Reich and William Gaines
Copyright 2003 by Howard Reich and William Gaines
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Designed by Trish Wilkinson
Set in 10.5-point Sabon by the Perseus Books Group
Cataloging-in-Publication data for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
First Da Capo Press edition 2003
First Da Capo Press paperback edition 2004
ISBN 0-306-81350-5
eBook ISBN: 9780786741762
Published by Da Capo Press
A Member of the Perseus Books Group
http://www.dacapopress.com
Da Capo Press books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the U.S. by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 11 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, or call (800) 255-1514 or (617) 252-5298, or email .
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The authors dedicate Jellys Blues to the pre-eminent
New Orleans jazz historian and collector
William Russell, who rescued from sure destruction
thousands of pages of documents on the
life, times, and music of Jelly Roll Morton.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank everyone who helped inspire and create this book, especially Ann Marie Lipinski, Jack Fuller, Jack Davis, Gerould Kern, Geoffrey Brown, Robert Blau, George Papajohn, and Jennifer Fletcher, of the Tribune company; York Eads Nicholson; M. T. Caen, literary agent; John Radziewicz and Ben Schafer, of Da Capo Press; Don and Millie Vappie, of New Orleans; Alfred Lemmon, Mark Cave, and Nancy Ruck, of the Historic New Orleans Collection; Jon Kukla, formerly of the Historic New Orleans Collection; researcher Michael Montgomery; and Professors James Dapogny and Lawrence Gushee.
PREFACE
At first glance, the petite white building near the crossing of Royal and St. Peter Streetsin New Orleanss age-old French Quarter looked no different than the other relics on the block. Its hand-painted wooden shutters and wrought-iron latticework evoked the same mystical period in American culture, when the nineteenth century was slipping into the twentieth, and a new musicjazzwas beginning to take shape.
But appearances can be deceiving. The buildings classic New Orleans facade might have seemed typical, but its contents, though virtually unknown to the world, were extraordinary. Inside the narrow building and up a creaky flight of stairs, a two-room apartment had been packed from floor to ceiling with used Tulane Shirt Co. boxes, weather-beaten A&P grocery bags, and other cartons, crates, and containers.
The stash all but filled a living space roughly twenty feet wide by thirty-five feet long and twelve feet high, a paper-laden firetrap if ever there were one. Within these walls, an eccentric collector named William Russell had jammed more than half a centurys worth of New Orleans memorabiliathe long-forgotten, precious ephemera of American jazzwith each shirt box and shopping bag meticulously labeled by hand.
Until Russells death in 1992 at age eighty-seven, no one realized the significance or the value of the precious documents that he had hoardedin some cases, by seizing them from trash bins just before the garbage collectors did. There were more than sixty-five thousand items in all, including historic correspondence, contracts, photos, and other bits and pieces of music history, most of it pertaining to the man who claimed to have invented jazz, Ferdinand Jelly Roll Morton. The collection documented Mortons rise in New Orleans at the dawn of the twentieth century as the first jazz composer, as well as his descent in the 1930s into obscurity and extreme poverty. The authors verified and expanded upon this material by locating and analyzing copyright records, conducting interviews, and examining public documents, including congressional files, civil lawsuits, probate records, corporate filings, and material from the U.S. Department of Justice.
Toward the end of his life, in the late 1930s, Morton was nearly forgotten as a jazz innovator and widely ridiculed as a braggart, pimp, card shark, pool hustler, and, worst of all, has-been. His biographers eagerly retold his colorful stories of life in turn-of-the-century New Orleans but called him a liar when his facts clashed with theirs. More than half a century after his death, in 1941, he was termed a racist by the fanciful Broadway musical