B LOOD.
Blood runs through this story. The blood of young men spilled on the battlefields of war; the blood of civiliansold and young, women and menthat ran in the gutters of cities, towns, and villages across Europe; the blood of millions destroyed in the pogroms and death camps of the Holocaust.
But blood, too, as an idea. The Nazi beliefabsurd and obscene as this seems todayin good blood, precious ichor to be sought out, preserved, and expanded. And with it, the inevitable counterpart: bad blood, to be identified and then ruthlessly eradicated.
I am a childa German childof a war based on and steeped in blood. I was born in 1941 in the depths of the Second World War: I grew up in its wakeand under the shadow of its brutal and even more prolonged progeny, the Cold War.
My history is the history of millions of men and women like me. We are the victims of Hitlers obsession with blood, as well as the beneficiaries of the postwar economic miracle that transformed our devastated and pariah nation into the powerhouse of modern Europe.
Our story is that of a generation raised in the shadow of bloody infamy, but one that found a way to struggle toward honesty and decency.
But my own story is also that of a much more secret past: a history still cloaked in silence and shrouded in shame. It is a warning of what happens when blood is worshiped as the vital essence that determines human worth, andby extensionused as the justification for the most terrible crimes man has inflicted upon man.
For I am a child of Lebensborn.
Lebensborn is an ancient German word, twisted and distorted by the word-smelters of National Socialism into a uniquely disturbing shape amid the vast and bizarre vocabulary of Hitlers Reich. What did it mean in the mad lexicon of Nazism? What does it mean today? To find the answersto uncover my own storyhas taken me on a long and painful journey: a physical journey, to be sure, which has led me across the map of modern Europe. An historical expedition, too: one that has required an often uncomfortable return to the Germany of more than seventy years ago, and into the troubled stories of those countries overrun by Hitlers armies.
But the search for who I am, and who I have been, has also forced me to make a psychological voyage into everything I have known and grown up with: a fundamental questioning of who I am, and what it means to be German.
I will not pretend that this is an easy story: it will notcannotalways be easy to read. But asifyou do, please keep in mind that neither has it been an easy story to live.
I am not, by nature, overtly emotional. The expression of emotionsuch a commonplace in twenty-first-century societydoes not come effortlessly to me. I have, I think, spent my life attempting to suppress my inner self, to subordinate my feelings to the circumstances in which I have grown up, as well as to the needs of others.
But this is a story that, I believe strongly, needs to be heard. More, much more, it needs to be understood. It is not unique, if by that we mean that there are others who have endured much of what has shaped my life and times. But, perhaps in defiance of the strict definition, there are, in life, gradations of uniqueness: and so, while I share a common thread with thousands of others who passed through the vile and perverse experiment of Lebensborn, to the best of my knowledge no one else shares the particular twists of fate, history, and geography that have defined my seventy-four years on earth.
L EBENSBORN . T HE WORD runs through my life like the blood coursing through my body; a mysterious and powerful river, its route and progress obscure to the naked eye. To see it, to understand it, demands much more than a superficial examination: to find its sourceand thus the roots of this storyrequires a deep and intrusive investigation into the most hidden places.
And we must start in a town and a country that no longer exist.
Men... must be shot, the women locked up and transported to concentration camps, and the children must be torn from their motherland and instead accommodated in the territories of the old Reich.
REICHSFHRER SS HEINRICH HIMMLER ,
June 25, 1942
C ILLI, G ERMAN-OCCUPIED Y UGOSLAVIA:
August 37, 1942
T HE SCHOOL YARD was crowded. Hundreds of womenyoung and oldclutched the hands of their children and found what space they could in the packed courtyard; nearby, Wehrmacht soldiers, rifles slung over their shoulders, looked on as the families slowly drifted in from towns and villages across the area.
These women had been summoned by order of their new German masters, ordered to bring their children to the school for medical tests. Upon arrival they were arrested and told to wait. Otto Lurker, commander of the police and security services for the region, watched, relaxed and impassivehis hands resting comfortably in his pocketsas the yard filled with families. Once, Lurker had been Hitlers jailer; now he was the Fhrers leading henchman in Lower Styria. He held the rank of SS Standartenfhrerthe paramilitary equivalent of a full colonel in the armybut that summers morning he was casually dressed in a two-piece civilian suit.
Yugoslavia had been under Nazi rule for sixteen months. In March 1941, as the surrounding countries of Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria joined the Reichs alliance of Balkan nations, Hitler put pressure on the kingdoms ruler, the Regent Prince Paul, to fall into line. The prince and his cabinet bowed to the inevitable, formally tying Yugoslavia to the Axis Powers: but the Serb-dominated army launched a coup dtat, replacing Paul with his seventeen-year-old second cousin, Prince Peter.
News of the revolt reached Berlin on March 27. Hitler took the coup as a personal insult and issued Directive 25, formally designating the country as an enemy of the Reich. The Fhrer ordered his armies to destroy Yugoslavia militarily and as a state. A week later, the Luftwaffe began a devastating bombing campaign while divisions of Wehrmacht infantry and tanks of the Panzer Corps swept through towns and villages. The Royal Yugoslavian Army was no match for Germans Blitzkrieg troops: on April 17, the country surrendered.
The occupying troops immediately set about fulfilling Hitlers instruction to dismantle all vestiges of the state. Sixty-five thousand peopleprimarily intellectuals and nationalistswere exiled, imprisoned, or murdered, their homes and property handed over to the new German masters. The Slovene language was prohibited.
But for the rest of 1941 and throughout the first half of 1942, partisan groups, led by the Communist Josip Broz Tito, fought a determined campaign of resistance. Germany retaliated with a brutal crackdown: the Gestapo swooped on fighters and civilians alike, deporting thousands to concentration camps across the Reich. Others were selected to be executed as a warning against resistance. In a nine-month period beginning in September 1941, 374 men and women were lined up against the walls of the prison yard at Cilli and summarily shot. Photographers recorded the murders for posterity and propaganda.
On June 25, 1942, Heinrich Himmlerthe second most powerful and feared man in Nazi Germanyissued orders to his secret police and SS officers to eliminate partisan resistance.
This campaign possesses every required element to make harmless the population which has supported the bandits and provided them with human resources, weapons and shelter. Men from such families, and often even their relatives, must be shot, the women locked up and transported to concentration camps, and the children must be torn from their motherland and instead accommodated in the territories of the old Reich. I expect to be provided with a special report on the number of children and their racial values.