This edition of Knight of Germany is published in
the United States of America in 2009 by
CASEMATE
908 Darby Road, Havertown, PA 19083
and in the United Kingdom by
CASEMATE
17 Cheap Street, Newbury, RG14 5DD
A Greenhill Book
Copyright Lionel Leventhal Ltd, 1985 & 2009
Appendix Norman L. Franks, 1991
Typeset & Design Casemate Publishers, 2009
ISBN 978-1-935149-11-8
Digital Edition ISBN 978-1-61200-0435
Cataloging in publication data is available from the Library of Congress and the British Library.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publishers.
Printed and bound in the United States of America
Publishing History:
Knight of Germany was first published in German as Boelcke der Mensch, der Flieger, der Fhrer der deutschen Jagdfliegerei. by K.F. Koehler Verlag, Leipzig in 1932.
The first English edition was published by John Hamilton in 1933. It was reissued in facsmile by Greenhill Books / Lionel Leventhal Ltd in 1985 and again in 1991 (this time with a new appendix by Norman Franks).
This new Casemate edition has been completely retypeset but the original language has been left unaltered.
Introduction
Born in Giebichstein, near Halle in Saxony, on 19th May 1891, Oswald Boelcke was the third of six children. By the time he was 25 years old he was the hero of Germany, being amongst the first of the successful air fighters of the Great War of 19141918.
What made Boelcke so remarkable, as well as his being an important fighter pilot, was that he was the first to try to study and to understand the new dimension in which he fought, the air. He was not a strong boy, but by the same determination that made him so great in the air, he overcame his weakness, and although more interested in sport, he had a fine mind for mathematics and physics. He was a very open and uncomplicated person, but with a flair for approaching any problem with an open mind and the desire to succeed in finding the best answer. It was these attributes that helped make his name and give him the title of the father of the air fighting arm.
Bent on a military career, he joined the Prussian Cadet Corps in March 1911, and was assigned to the No.3 Telegraphers Battalion, at Koblenz, being commissioned the following year. During army manoeuvres he became interested in flying and in 1914 became a pilot. When the war started, he was posted to No. 13 Fliegerabteilung at La Fert where his brother Wilhelm was an air observer. In the early days of the war, the two brothers often flew together. Always eager to fly, Oswald received the Iron Cross (Second Class) in October 1914, followed by the First Class award in February 1915.
With the arrival at the front of the first of the Fokker Eindekker single-seat monoplane fighters, one or two were assigned to each reconnaissance unit as escort machines, and Boelcke put in a request to be allowed to fly one. Owing to his flare for action and his aggressive attitude to it, this was granted, and he began to fly both the two-seater and singleseater types on the French battle fronts.
In April 1915 Boelcke was sent to Fliegerabteilung No.62, at Douai, flying the C-type LVG two-seaters as well as a Fokker. At Douai he met Max Immelmann, another young fighting pilot, who later became known as the Eagle of Lille. It was now that Boelcke and Immelmann began to realise, as did their counterparts on the other side of the lines, the British and French, that there was more than just observation work to do. It was just as important to stop the other side from carrying out this reconnaissance work. Thus air fighting, although still in its infancy, began.
Boelcke may well have attacked or pursued any number of French machines in this early period of 1915, but his first recorded success came on 4th July, when he attacked a French Morane two-seater. In true style, Boelcke landed near to the crash site of his victims and arranged for their burial. He gained further victories during that summer, and by 30th October the German Air Service had recognised and confirmed six victories for him, most of them French. On 12th January, 1916, both men were awarded Germanys highest award for military action, the coveted Ordre Pour Le Mrite, known more popularly today as the Blue Max.
His successes continued into the new year of 1916, and indeed he and Max Immelmann were soon vying to be the leading scorer among the early scout pilots. By the end of March, Boelcke and Immelmann both had 13 victories. In April each gained one, but in May, while Immelmann gained his 15th, Boelcke increased his score to 18. Immelmann brought his score to 17 on the day of his death in action on 18th June. Boelcke was to score just one more victory, his 19th, before the Air Service, fearful that he too might fall, took him away from the battle front and sent him on an inspection trip to the war zones of the south east, Boelcke soon found himself in Vienna and then in Budapest, Belgrade and finally Turkey. He went at a moment of great personal disappointment, for he was about to be given command of a small unit of Fokkers at Sivry, something he had been urging to have formed.
During his time at the front, Boelcke had learned much about air fighting and although he had tried to influence official thinking, he had not succeeded in putting his views forward. Now, following the bitter ground and air battles on the Verdun front, the German High Command were at last ready to listen. With the approach of the summer and an expected attack by the Allies in France, Boelcke had been ordered to help form the German fighting organisation.
It was now realised that rather than having fighting scouts attached to each reconnaissance unit, these nimble fighting machines should be bunched together into their own fighting units, both for escort work and to carry out fighting patrols to engage the Allied airmen, who seemed constantly to fly over German territory for observation and for bombing. Boelckes skill and diplomacy now came to the fore in producing a scheme for the new concept of fighting units. The new units would be called Jagdstaffeln (more familiarly called Jastas), and in the summer of 1916 the first twelve Jastas were, or were about to be, formed.
With the onset of the mighty Somme Offensive at the beginning of July, the air fighting over the front became intense. Boelcke was still in far-off Turkey, but as the weeks progressed, he was finally ordered to return to France and was given command of Jasta 2, flying on the British part of the front.
Oswald Boelcke led his Jasta with distinction and courage during the next two months, increasing his personal score from 19 to 40 by 26th October, almost all of his victories over the Royal Flying Corps. Jasta 2, with pilots such as Manfred von Richthofen, Walter Hohne, Erwin Boehme, Max Muller, Rudolf Reimann and Stephen Kirmaier, had brought the units score to over 50 in that same period. Their aircraft now were the Halberstadt biplane scouts and the nimble Albatros DIs, fore-runner to the successful Albatros DIII and DV, which his protg Manfred von Richthofen was to fly so successfully, becoming known as the Red Baron.