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Simon Sebag Montefiore - Young Stalin

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ALSO BY SIMON SEBAG MONTEFIORE Stalin The Court of the Red Tsar Potemkin - photo 1
ALSO BY SIMON SEBAG MONTEFIORE

Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar

Potemkin: Catherine the Greats Imperial Partner

To my darling son Sasha Contents 43 Illustrations 18781904 Mugshot - photo 2

To my darling son,
Sasha

Contents

43.

Illustrations

18781904

Mugshot of Stalin, 19121

School photo, late 1880s2

Stalins birthplace in Gori1

Official photo of Beso, Stalins father3

Stalins mother, Keke1

Koba Egnatashvili18

Sasha Egnatashvili18

Damian Davrichewy4

Stalin in 1893, aged sixteen5

Stalin in 18961

Seminary photo, late 1890s1

Fire at an oil refinery6

Rothschild oil refinery, Batumi6

Hashimi Smirba6

Group photo in Kutaisi Prison, 19036

Novaya Uda6

Kutaisi Prison6

Stalins cell6

Natasha Kirtava6

Olga Alliluyeva3

Olga and her children3

19051910

Kamo3

Stalins network of street children, 19057

Okhrana agents pose in their street costumes3

Stalin, ca. 190565

Trotsky5

Lenin, ca. 19055

Kato Svanidze1

Kato Svanidze, headshot, from gravestone, Tbilisi3

Daily Mirror extract, 16 May 19078

Russian Social Democratic Labour Party agreement3

Daily Mirror extract, 27 June 19078

Daily Mirror extract, 15 May 19078

Mugshot of Kamo from the police files, ca. 19081

Sergo Ordzhonikidze1

Baku oil fountain5

Nagayevs Palace in Baku9

Burning oil wells, Baku, 14 September 190310

Murtuza Mukhtarov and his wife, Liza11

Stalin with Katos family beside her dead body, 19071

Alvasi Talakvadze6

Ludmilla Stal11

Stalin1

Stalin when he was arrested in 19101

19101917

Stalin with Spandarian in 19151

Backs of postcards12

Front of postcard1

Maria Kuzakova with her son Constantine and his baby3

Mugshot of Stalin when he was arrested in 19111

Stalins apartment block in Vienna13

Lenins flat in Cracow1

Roman Malinovsky3

Stalin in 19131

Tatiana Slavatinskaya16

Kureika, photographed in the 1930s1

Ostyak tribesman with reindeer on the Arctic Circle14

Alexander Davidov17

Lidia Pereprygina17

Bolshevik exiles photographed at Monastyrskoe in the summer of 19151

Vera Shveitzer14

KGB boss Serovs memo to Khrushchev in 1956, about the investigation into Stalins affair with thirteen-year-old Lidia Pereprygina12

Taurida Palace3

Soldiers in St. Petersburg, FebruaryMarch 19173

19171918

Lenin addresses the crowds from Kseshinskayas palace in St. Petersburg, July 19173

July Days coup3

Nadya Alliluyeva1

Stalins bedroom in the Alliluyev apartment3

Lenin1

Smolny and new Soviet government, 19173

The first meeting of the new government15

Lenins orders to his guards on access to his office15

Stalin5

Alexandra Kollontai and Pavel Dybenko ca. 19175

Stalin, ca. 19175

The author and publishers offer their thanks to the following for their kind permission to reproduce images:

1. David King Collection

2. Stalin House Museum, Gori

3. Authors collection

4. Davrichewy Family Collection

5. RIA Novosti

6. Khariton Akhvlediani State Museum, Batumi

7. Georgian Filial Institute of Marxism-Leninism (GF IML)

8. Mirrorpix

9. Getty

10. Roger Viollet / Topfoto

11. Azerbaijan International Magazine

12. RGASPI

13. Lisa Train

14. Dr. Piers Vitebsky

15. Smolny Institute Museum

16. Achinsk Regional Museum (ARM)

17. The Sunday Times (London)

18. Egnatashvili Family Collection

While every effort has been made to trace copyright holders, if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be happy to acknowledge them in future editions.

Young Stalin - photo 3

Introduction All young people are the same said Stal - photo 4

Introduction All young people are the same said Stalin so why write - photo 5

Introduction All young people are the same said Stalin so why write - photo 6

Introduction

All young people are the same, said Stalin, so why write... about the young Stalin? Yet he was wrong: he was always different. His youth was dramatic, adventurous and exceptional. When in old age he reflected on the mysteries of his early years, he seemed to change his mind. There are, he mused, no secrets that wont be revealed for everyone later. For me as a historian unveiling his clandestine life up to his emergence as one of Lenins top henchmen in the new Soviet government, he was right about the secrets: many of them can now be revealed.

There are few works on early Stalin (compared to many on young Hitler), but this is because there seemed to be so little material. In fact, this is not so. A wealth of vivid new material that brings to life his childhood and his career as revolutionary, gangster, poet, trainee priest, husband and prolific lover, abandoning women and illegitimate children in his wake, lay hidden in the newly opened archives, especially those of often-neglected Georgia.

Stalins early life may have been shadowy but it was every bit as extraordinary as, and even more turbulent than, those of Lenin and Trotskyand it equipped him (and damaged him) for the triumphs, tragedies and predations of supreme power.

Stalins pre-revolutionary achievements and crimes were much greater than we knew. For the first time, we can document his role in the bank robberies, protection-rackets, extortion, arson, piracy, murderthe political gangsterismthat impressed Lenin and trained Stalin in the very skills that would prove invaluable in the political jungle of the Soviet Union. But we can also show that he was much more than a gangster godfather: he was also a political organizer, enforcer and master at infiltrating the Tsarist security services. In contrast to Zinoviev, Kamenev or Bukharin, whose reputations as great politicians are ironically founded on their destruction in the Terror, he was not afraid to take physical risks. But he also impressed Lenin as an independent and thoughtful politician, and as a vigorous editor and journalist, who was never afraid to confront and contradict the older man. Stalins success was at least partly due to his unusual combination of education (thanks to the seminary) and street violence; he was that rare combination: both intellectual and killer. No wonder in 1917 Lenin turned to Stalin as the ideal lieutenant for his violent, beleaguered Revolution.

This book is the result of almost ten years of research on Stalin in twenty-three cities and nine countries, mainly in the newly opened archives of Moscow, Tbilisi and Batumi, but also in St. Petersburg, Baku, Vologda, Siberia, Berlin, Stockholm, London, Paris, Tampere, Helsinki, Cracow, Vienna and Stanford, California.

Young Stalin is written to be read on its own. This is a study of Stalins life before power, up to his arrival in government in October 1917, whereas my last book,

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