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Michael Smith - Six: The Real James Bonds 1909-1939

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Michael Smith Six: The Real James Bonds 1909-1939
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The first part of acclaimed author Mick Smiths epic, completely unauthorised history of Britain s external intelligence community. Six tells the complete story of the services birth and early years, including the tragic, untold tale of what happened to Britains extensive networks in Soviet Russia between the wars. It reveals for the first time how the playwright and MI6 agent Harley Granville Barker bribed the Daily News to keep Arthur Ransome in Russia, and the real reason Paul Dukes returned there.

It shows development of tradecraft and the great personal risk officers and their agents took, far from home and unprotected. In Salonika, for example, Lieutenant Norman Dewhurst realised it was time to leave when he opened his door to find one of his agents hanging dismembered in a sack.

This first part of Six takes us up to the eve of the conflict, using hundreds of previously classified files and interviews with key players to show how one of the worlds most secretive of secret agencies originated and developed into something like the MI6 we know today.

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In memory of
Nigel Antony Richard Backhouse, MVO

(19562008)

Between the wars, the profession and practice of espionage did not much change. Invisible inks and false beards were still standard issue.

ROBERT CECIL,

Personal Assistant to Sir Stewart Menzies,
Chief of the Secret Service 19391951

CONTENTS

I am grateful to some indefatigable researchers into the secret archives for their assistance in this project, most notably David List, but also Phil Tomaselli, Nick Hiley, Yuri Totrov, Rolf Dahl, Craig McKay, Andrew Cook, Yigal Sheffy, Ann Trevor, Nina Staehle and Oliver Lrscher. I am also grateful to Richard Cafferata, Roger Fairholme, Shirley Durrant, Hannah Charnock, and Edward and Susan Harding-Newman, Henrik Sinding-Larsen, Yolande Whittall, Elizabeth Moulson, Molly Megson, Ian Sumner, James Stephens, Jonathan Wadman, Hollie Teague, John Schwartz, Sylvia Vetta, Robert Kirby, Charlotte Knee, and last, but certainly by no means least, my wife Hayley and my children Ben, Kirsty, Louise, Leila and Levin.

JOHN Merrett slouched along the Nevsky Prospekt, a big scruffy bear of a man hugging the stucco walls, his attempt to merge into the background assisted only by the dingy surroundings and the lack of street lights. The agents of the Cheka, the Extraordinary Commission, were everywhere and there was said to be a substantial price on his head, although the likelihood of anyone who went to the Cheka getting any money seemed remote.

Once the Nevsky had been one of the most fashionable streets in the world; now its cafs and shops were shuttered against the misery imposed by the Soviets. Here and there a huddle of men gathered around a hawker selling half-rotten vegetables, or hacked at the carcass of a horse driven into the ground by an owner with too little food for himself, let alone a nag.

Merrett had once been one of the smartest businessmen in St Petersburg, clean shaven with a frock coat, top hat, twirling cane and a sparkle in his eye. Not now. To all outward appearances, he looked like a tramp, a man hidden even from himself. It was a false picture. Merrett was very far from the withdrawn, shabby image he presented to the outside world. He was simply doing a job. Jim Gillespie had left him with firm orders to look after the British spy networks. He was determined to stick to what he saw as his patriotic duty. Hed never been a spy, never trained for it, but someone had to do it. Why not him?

At first, Merrett disguised himself with a thick red beard. Then one of the agents in the British network got rattled and gave him up. Merrett only escaped the Cheka agents by jumping out of a window and shinning down a drainpipe, but they managed to grab his wife Lydia. As if he didnt have enough on his plate, now he worried constantly for her safety and what they might persuade her to say of him.

With the Cheka knowing he had a beard, hed shaved it off, but the stubble was growing back. He badly needed a shave, though probably now it didnt matter one way or another. They knew him with or without a beard. If they couldnt find him, they could do nothing to harm him or the networks. So he kept on moving, never sleeping in the same place twice, adopting the pseudonym Ivan Ivanovich, Russias equivalent of John Bull.

It was grinding work, collecting the intelligence, paying the agents and, most difficult of all, in the midst of the Red Terror, keeping them calm. Hundreds,thousands, of Russians had been taken from their homes and some would not be going home ever again. Small wonder the agents were jittery. Babysitting was how Gillespie put it, and at times thats what it felt like. The MI1c man had promised him before he went that someone would come soon to take over, a professional who wouldnt have to worry constantly if he were doing the right thing, or what the Bolsheviks were doing to his wife.

Merrett hoped the new man would come soon. The 200,000 roubles Gillespie gave him had long since run out. He and the agents were surviving on his savings and money loaned by the members of the citys British community he was getting to freedom. Hed just left another six of them waiting for an old woman in a white apron, who would collect them at dawn and pass them on to one of the couriers. Those were the boys running the real risks. They were paid to smuggle intelligence over the Finnish border, where Gillespie had set up shop waiting for them. They still did that no-one was going to argue that Merrett wasnt fulfilling his part of the bargain but hed had them running a different kind of package down the lines as well, more than 200 Britons all terrified of being scooped up by the Terror and left to rot in Butyrka prison.

As Merrett passed Meltzers furniture store, its windows boarded up to protect what little was left, a hawker stepped out from the shadows in front of him and he recognised one of the agents.

Ivan Ivanovich, the man whispered, looking anxiously around, you have to come with me. The new fellows arrived. Hes looking for you. Says his names Paul Dukes.

THE British secret service that would eventually become known as MI6 was set up in 1909 following several years of growing concern, verging on panic, at the idea of German spies marauding across Britain preparing for war. There is no doubt that Germany was sending spies to Britain, including an increasing number of army officers who claimed to be on holiday learning English, but were in fact collecting information that might be useful in the event of an invasion. Nevertheless, they were doing so in relatively small numbers and, for the most part at least, the information they collected was openly available to anyone who cared to look for it. They did not constitute anything like a major threat and the spy scare that swept Britain in the early 1900s was in fact out of all proportion to the reality. It was stoked, even orchestrated, by the author William le Queux, who produced a series of best-selling books with titles like Spies of the Kaiser: Plotting the Downfall of England and The Invasion of 1910 that deliberately set out to blur the lines between fact and fiction. Le Queux protested vigorously to anyone who would listen, and many influential people did, that the authorities were negligently ignoring the German threat. Lord Northcliffe, proprietor of the Daily Mail, serialised The Invasion of 1910 in his newspaper, carefully rerouting the hypothetical marauding Hun troops through towns and villages where the Mails circulation was at its highest. Among the thousands of Germans working in London, the hundred or so spies, all trusted soldiers, had passed unnoticed, wrote le Queux. But, working in unison, each little group of two or three had been allotted its task and had previously

As the public excitement grew, so too did the number of alleged German spies. Lord Roberts, taking up the theme in Parliament, said:

It is calculated, my Lords, that there are 80,000 Germans in the United Kingdom, almost all of them trained soldiers. They work in many of the hotels at some of the chief railway stations, and if a German force once got into this country it would have the advantage of help and reinforcement such as no other army on foreign soil has ever before enjoyed.

The Daily Mail instructed its readers that they should refuse to be served by a German waiter, adding as an afterthought: If your waiter says he is Swiss, ask to see his passport.

Even senior military officers not generally known for taking their lead from the press were convinced by le Queuxs claims, not least because Colonel James Edmonds, the Royal Engineer who was in charge of secret service at the War Office, was a friend of the author. Edmonds asked the police what could be done about the systematic visits to this country by Germans. He complained of Germans of soldierly appearance who had rented a house close to Army ranges on Romney Marsh and spent most of their time out on the marshes sketching. Two or three would stay for a month or so before being replaced by others. But the police pointed out that what the Germans were doing was actually not against the law and were unconvinced by Edmondss claim that German tourists were assiduous in collecting other information concerning the topography of the country, roads, dockyards, military magazines, which might be considered of value from the military point of view.

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