Lucy Beevor - The Invention of the Airplane
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One day in 1878, Milton Wright brought a gift home to his two youngest sons. Orville was 7 years old. Wilbur was 11. The gift was a toy helicopter made of cork, bamboo, paper, and a rubber band.
Milton showed the boys how to make the helicopter fly. He wound the two and tossed the toy into the air. The boys were amazed when the helicopter flew. Eventually the helicopter broke, but it had sparked their imaginations. From that day forward, Wilbur and Orville wanted to build a flying machine. One day they hoped to ride in the machine and fly through the sky.
Orville (left) and Wilbur Wright grew up in the United States in the late 1800s. They dreamed of one day building and flying an airplane.
Children played with toy helicopters for more than 100 years before full-sized were built.
Until the late 1800s, most people did not travel very far from their homes. They traveled by . But scientists and inventors were building new machines that would change travel forever.
Traveling by horse and wagon was slow and uncomfortable.
Engines powered by steam, gasoline, and electricity led to the invention of trains and automobiles, which could travel longer distances. They were much faster than walking or traveling by horse and wagon. This made it easier for people to travel farther away from home.
Before automobiles and airplanes, many people traveled by train.
The first train rail in the United States was laid in 1828. By 1900 more than 190,000 miles (305,700 kilometers) of tracks crossed the country.
Trains and automobiles did not fix all travel problems. Automobiles didnt always make traveling easy. Early automobiles were uncomfortable. They did not have springs to make the ride smooth. They also didnt have heaters. Early automobiles were unsafe and difficult to drive. Plus, there were very few road rules, which often led to accidents.
Early automobiles were not easy to drive and that sometimes led to accidents.
Trains had problems too. They could only travel where there were railroad tracks, so they didnt go everywhere people wanted to go. Trains also needed many people to care for the tracks. A train could run off its tracks if the tracks were damaged.
Trains were not always a safe way to travel. The Great Chatsworth Train Wreck occurred in Illinois in 1887. More than 80 people were killed.
People wanted to make traveling easier and safer. Some inventors made better engines for automobiles, but others began to think about a new way of traveling. They dreamed of flying in the air like birds.
Before and after the inventions of the train and automobile, people tried to figure out how to build machines that would carry them safely through the air.
ornithopters.
Leonardo da Vinci sketched a flying machine he called an airscrew. It is similar to a modern-day helicopter.
Leonardo da Vinci designed many early machines. They included an armored car, a parachute, and another type of flying machine that looked like a helicopter.
In 1783 Joseph-Michel and Jacques-tienne Montgolfier built a hot-air balloon. But the French brothers were not sure if it was safe for people to ride in. To find out, they put a sheep, a duck, and a rooster in the balloons basket. These animals became the worlds first hot-air balloon passengers. The animals landed safely after being in the air about eight minutes. In November of that year, the first human passengers took a 25-minute flight over Paris in the Montgolfier brothers balloon.
The Montgolfier brothers tested their first hot-air balloon in 1783.
In 1804 British . With a movable tail and a kite-shaped wing set on a stick, it looked somewhat like a modern airplane. By 1853, Cayley had created the first full-sized glider. When he asked his assistant to fly the glider, the test was a success. It was the first glider flight to carry a passenger.
Sir George Cayley is sometimes called the father of . This illustration shows his drawing of the glider.
German inventor Otto Lilienthal made his first flying machine in 1891. This hang glider had large wings and could soar through the air. Lilienthal later built many other successful gliders.
Otto Lilienthal made more than 2,000 flights in his hang gliders. Some of them reached more than 1,000 feet (305 meters) up in the air.
gliders and kites. But they wanted to build a flying machine that powered itself.
The brothers worked hard to make an airplane. They designed and built a lightweight engine and also made a propeller. Finally, in December 1903, their first airplane was ready. They called it the Flyer. It measured 21 feet (6.4 meters) long and its wings were 40.5 feet (12.3 m) wide. It weighed 605 pounds (274.4 kilograms) without a pilot.
On December 17, 1903, the brothers took the Flyer to the sand dunes near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Orville sat in the pilots seat, and Wilbur ran along the side. Their plane flew 120 feet (37 m) in 12 seconds. It was the first time that a self-powered machine had risen, flown in a straight line, and landed safely.
The Wright brothers flew the Flyer for the first time on December 17, 1903. It was only in the air for 12 seconds, but it made history.
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