Holly Tucker - Blood Work: A Tale of Medicine and Murder in the Scientific Revolution
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On a cold day in 1667, a renegade physician named Jean Denis transfused calfs blood into one of Pariss most notorious madmen. In doing so, Denis angered not only the elite scientists who had hoped to perform the first animal-to-human transfusions themselves, but also a host of powerful conservatives who believed that the doctor was toying with forces of nature that he did not understand. Just days after the experiment, the madman was dead, and Denis was framed for murder.
A riveting account of the first blood transfusion experiments in 17th-century Paris and London, Blood Work gives us a vivid glimpse of a particularly fraught period in history--a time of fire and plague, empire building and international distrust, when monsters were believed to inhabit the seas and the boundary between science and superstition was still in flux. Amid this atmosphere of uncertainty, transfusionists like Denis became embroiled in the hottest cultural debates and fiercest political rivalries of their day. As historian Holly Tucker reveals, transfusions detractors would stop at nothing--not even murdering Deniss patient--to outlaw a practice that might jeopardize human souls, pave the way for monstrous hybrid creatures, or even provoke divine retribution.
Taking us from the highest ranks of society to the lowest, from dissection rooms in palaces to the filth-clogged streets of Paris, Blood Work sheds light on an era that wrestled with the same questions about morality and experimentation that haunt medical science to this day.
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Pregnant Fictions:
Childbirth and the Fairy Tale in Early-Modern France
A Tale of Medicine and Murder in the Scientific Revolution
W. W. NORTON & COMPANY
New York London
Copyright 2011 by Holly Tucker
All rights reserved
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tucker, Holly.
Blood work: a tale of medicine and murder in the scientific revolution / Holly Tucker.1st ed.
p.; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN: 978-0-393-07055-2
1. BloodTransfusionEuropeHistory17th century. 2. Denis, Jean Baptiste, d. 1704. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Denis, Jean Baptiste, d. 1704. 2. Blood TransfusionhistoryEurope. 3. History, 17th CenturyEurope. 4. HomicidehistoryEurope. 5. Human ExperimentationhistoryEurope. 6. Public OpinionEurope. 7. SciencehistoryEurope. WB 356]
RM171.T787 2011
615.39dc22
2010046340
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110
www.wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.
Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT
For Audrey, heart and soul, moon and stars,
always and forever
Very many maintain that all we know is still infinitely less than all that still remains unknown.
William Harvey, De motu cordis (1628)
Blood is a juice of a very special kind.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust, Part 1 (1808)
In all circumstances, I have first relied on period translations of the original foreign-language texts cited. In the absence of a period translation, the remaining translations are my own. The source of the quote (printed translation or translated original) is indicated in the notes that accompany the text. Minor changes have been made to regularize spelling or typography, but these do not impact the original meaning.
France | England |
Louis de Basril | Robert Boyle (162791) chemist; founding fellow of the |
Jean-Baptiste Colbert (161983) | Charles II (163085) |
Jean-Baptiste Denis | Timothy Clarke (died 1672) |
Ren Descartes (15961650) philosopher; espoused the theory of mind-body dualism and the idea that the body was a machine | Thomas Coxe (c. 16401730) fellow of the Royal Society; replicated Lowers canine transfusions at the Royal Society with Edmund King |
Paul Emmerez (died 1670) surgeon; Denis assistant | Arthur Coga (dates unknown) first transfusion patient in England |
Nicolas Fouquet (161580) Louis XIVs superintendent of finances; former political heir apparent to Prime Minister Mazarin | William Harvey (15781657) physician; announced discovery of blood circulation in 1628 |
Pierre Gassendi (15921655) philosopher; Descartes intellectual rival, member of the Montmor Academy | Robert Hooke (16351703) architect, microscopist; founding fellow of the Royal Society; former assistant to Thomas Willis, performed air-pump experiments on animals with Robert Boyle |
Christian Huygens (162995) astronomer, mathematician; former member of the Montmor Academy, founding member of Louis XIVs Academy of Sciences | Edmund King (16291709) replicated Lowers canine transfusions at the Royal Society with Thomas Coxe |
Guillaume Lamy (164483) physician; member of the Paris Faculty of Medicine; outspoken critic of transfusion | Richard Lower (163191) physician; fellow of the Royal Society, performed first transfusion experiments in England |
Louis XIV (16381715) king of France, also called the Sun King; began personal reign in 1661, following the death of Prime Minister Jules Mazarin | Henry Oldenburg (161977) German-born diplomat and natural philosopher; secretary of the Royal Society |
Henri-Martin de la Martinire | John Wilkins (161472) founding member and first secretary of the Royal Society, with Henry Oldenburg |
Antoine Mauroy (died 1668) Denis famous patient; died following a transfusion in April 1668 | Thomas Willis (162175) physician and anatomist; fellow of the Royal Society, studied the human brain with the help of Robert Hooke and Christopher Wren |
Perrine Mauroy (dates unknown) | Christopher Wren (16321723) architect, astronomer, mathematician; founding fellow of the Royal Society; performed blood infusion experiments with Thomas Willis |
Henri-Louis Habert de Montmor | |
Ren Moreau (15871656) | |
Claude Perrault (161388) physician, architect; member of the Paris Faculty of Medicine, founding member of Louis XIVs Academy of Science; performed canine transfusions in the kings library | |
Nicolas de la Reynie (16251704) first police chief of Paris; appointed by Louis XIV | |
Samuel de Sorbire (161570) permanent secretary of the Montmor Academy |
O n December 14, 1799, Americas first president awoke with a sore throat, which was soon accompanied by a fever. At six that morning, George Washingtons doctors agreed it was time for a bloodletting. Eighteen ounces of blood later, the patients condition had not improved, and he was bled twice more. Not long after, Washington was unable to breathemedical historians believe that he suffered from an infection of the epiglottisand a tracheotomy was performed. A fourth round of bloodletting followed, to no avail. Washington gasped for breath like a drowning man and died late that evening, around ten oclock.
Though we will never know whether Washington died of his illness or of the severe bloodletting he suffered during his treatment, many historians would bet on the latter. His body was laid out in the familys formal parlor so that prominent visitors could pay their respects. Yet as the nation prepared to mourn its first president, others wondered if there was a way to bring him back to life.
When Washingtons granddaughter, Mrs. Thomas Law, arrived the next morning, she brought with her a man who suggested the unthinkable. Dr. William Thornton, best known as architect of the U.S. Capitol, speculated that the president could be revived if both blood and air were returned to his corpse. Dr. Thornton suggested that Washington be warmed up by degrees and by friction so his blood might be coaxed to move once again through his body. Then Thornton proposed to open a passage to the lungs by the trachea, and to inflate them with air, to produce artificial respiration, and to transfuse blood into him from a lamb.
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