Im deeply indebted to researcher and writer Paul A Woods for his insight into serial killers Leonard Lake and Charles Ng. Paul spent hours interviewing Ng for a documentary on the Lake-Ng murders and has a unique understanding of their increasingly deadly synergy.
I was also fortunate to interview Caroline Roberts, one of Fred & Rose Wests few surviving victims. Her autobiography The Lost Girl is one of the most honest books Ive ever read.
Im very grateful to crime correspondent Andrew Nott for answering my questions about the Trevor Hardy & Sheilagh Farrow murders. Andrew co-authored the book Cause Of Death with pathologist Dr Geoffrey Garrett and their writing made me aware of this particularly unusual and surprisingly little-known case.
Once again, Im grateful to Lisa Dumond who took time out of her busy schedule to help with my American research. Lisa is especially interested in Anti-Social Personality Disorder, knowledge she incorporates in her short fiction and true crime. Shes also a prolific book reviewer and a novelist.
Ask the British public about couples who kill and theyll invariably name The Moors Murderers or Fred & Rose West. Canadians also opt for a heterosexual couple, Paul Barnardo & Karla Homolka, as do the Americans who tend to cite Charles Starkweather & Caril Fugate or Bonnie & Clyde. Australias best known deadly duo are David & Catherine Birnie whilst Daniel & Manuela Ruda recently made headlines in Germany.
But many killer couples arent heterosexual lovers, and some have far more complex relationships - herein youll find serial torture-killer cousins, an increasingly unbalanced mother-son duo, psychotic sisters and a cult-based brother and sister team. This isnt to suggest that most deadly duos are related: Couples Who Kill also profiles gay team killers and equally sadistic friends.
Most of these partnerships arose out of the individuals shared love of cruelty, others were formed through jealousy or greed. What they all have in common is their effect on the victims: duped by two opponents rather than one, they had little chance.
The serial killer who kills alone often takes time out afterwards to mentally relive the murder and regroup his defences, but deviant duos immediately discuss the homicide and move on to the next victim and then the next. As such, several of the profiled couples were responsible for a death count that was into double figures, with one duo being responsible for over thirty sexually-motivated deaths. Couples who kill only comprise twenty per cent of serial killers, but they tend to be responsible for a much larger body count than men or women who kill alone.
Even when a couple only murder once or twice, the results are particularly gruesome, with the individuals often stopping partway through the assault to find out exactly how their co-killer wants to proceed. With physical strength on their side, they dont have to adopt the blitzkrieg methods of the solo attacker. Their duality also complicates matters during the subsequent trial when the jury has to ascertain who did what.
Many of these killers have similar characteristics in their backgrounds and these are summarised in the final chapter, the Abuse Excuse.
LAWRENCE BITTAKER & ROY NORRIS
When former prison friends Bittaker and Norris were reunited in 1979, they decided to kidnap teenage girls for sexual pleasure. Within a four month period they would repeatedly rape five known victims, torture them for kicks and kill them in an especially brutal way.
Lawrence Sigmund Bittaker
Lawrence was born on 27th September 1940 to a drug-addicted single mother in Southern California. She soon put him into care, where he was moved from one home to another by families who were more interested in the foster-payment cheques than in their foster child. As such, he didnt receive the nurturing that all babies require if they are to bond with others, and if they are to ultimately care about anyone other than themselves.
Lawrence had an IQ in the top one percent of the population and also had a photographic memory. But his foster families were often Spanish so couldnt converse with him fluently even if they wanted to. He was invariably clothed in hand-me-downs, some of which were girls clothes and shoes. Alternately ignored and laughed at, he retreated into his own little world. He literally remained on the sidelines as his foster parents fed their natural children, only giving him the leftovers. He was also sexually molested and raped by some of his so-called carers during these desperately unhappy years.
At six he was adopted by a couple who gave him their surname, Bittaker. Unfortunately it was too little too late as he was already a nascent psychopath. Young psychopaths can improve if given a consistently loving and stable environment but George Bittakers work as an aircraft fitter meant that the family moved around the country so the child was uprooted again and again. He attended schools in Pennsylvania, Florida, Ohio and California where he was always the new boy. It made Lawrence Bittaker feel even more of an outsider, alienated from his peers.
At seventeen he dropped out of high school and stole a car, was involved in a hit and run and fled to Long Beach to escape prosecution. But the police caught up with him and he was sent to a California Youth Authority home, where he remained until he was nineteen.
The rootless teenager now travelled to Louisiana, where the FBI charged him with a further motor theft. He was sent to a Oklahoma reformatory where he behaved so strangely that he was transferred to a Missouri medical centre. Hed later admit to forensic psychiatrist Dr Ronald Markman that he faked psychotic symptoms in order to get hospitalised. The medical centre found him to be hostile and manipulative, but he made sure that his conduct improved so that the staff believed they had cured him. As a result, he was released after a year.
The intelligent but self-destructive Lawrence now moved to Los Angeles and was arrested again almost immediately, this time for robbery. But he was let out on parole in 1963.
Lawrence Bittaker continued to cause havoc in the outside world. He again stole cars and was imprisoned, got out and burgled and was imprisoned, stabbed a shop assistant who tried to prevent him shoplifting and was arrested again. He was consequently sent to the California Mens Colony where he met Roy Lewis Norris, who had a history of sexual crime.