Martin Gilbert - Winston S. Churchill. Vol. 3: The Challenge of War, 1914-1916
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Winston S. Churchill. Vol. 3: The Challenge of War, 1914-1916: summary, description and annotation
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Andrew Roberts, historian and author of The Storm of War
The most scholarly study of Churchill in war and peace ever written.
Herbert Mitgang, The New York Times
This third volume of the official biography of Sir Winston Churchill contains a full account of his initiatives and achievements as wartime First Lord of the Admiralty between August 1914 and May 1915. These include his efforts to prolong the siege of Antwerp, his support for the use of air power, and his part in the early development of the tank. It shows the forcefulness with which he argued for an offensive naval policy, first against Germany, then against Turkey.
What about the Dardanelles? was the cry Churchill heard often between the two world wars. It epitomized the distrust in which he was held by both politicians and the public as a result of the naval setback at the Dardanelles in March 1915 and the eventual failure of the Gallipoli landings launched the following month.
Martin Gilbert examines the political crisis of May 1915, during which the Conservative Party forced Asquith to form a coalition government. The Conservatives insisted that Churchill leave the center of war policymaking for a position of increasing political isolation. In the next seven months, while the Gallipoli campaign was being fought, Churchill served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with no authority over military or naval policy.
Resigning from the Cabinet in November 1915, Churchill was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel, commanding an infantry battalion in the trenches of the Western Front. In May 1916, he returned from the trenches, hoping to reenter political life, but his repeated attempts to regain his once-substantial influence were unsuccessful.
About the Author
SIR MARTIN GILBERT was born in England in 1936. He was a graduate of Oxford University, from which he held a Doctorate of Letters, and was an Honorary Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. In 1962 he began work as one of Randolph Churchills research assistants, and in 1968, after Randolph Churchills death, he became the official biographer of Winston Churchill. He published six volumes of the Churchill biography, and edited twelve volumes of Churchill documents.
During forty-eight years of research and writing, Sir Martin published eighty books, including The First World War, The Second World War, and a three-volume History of the Twentieth Century. He also wrote, as part of his series of ten historical atlases, Atlas of the First World War, and, most recently, Atlas of the Second World War.
Sir Martins film and television work included a documentary series on the life of Winston Churchill. His other published works include Churchill: A Photographic Portrait, In Search of Churchill, Churchill and America, and the single volume Churchill, A Life.
About the Work
In the official biography of Sir Winston Churchill, his son Randolphand later Sir Martin Gilbert, who took up the work following Randolphs deathhad the full use of Sir Winstons letters and papers, and also many hundreds of private archives. The work spans eight volumes, detailing Churchills youth and early adventures in South Africa and India, his early career, and his more than fifty years on the world stage. No other statesman of modern timesor indeed of any agehas left such a wealth of personal letters, such a rich store of private and public documentation, such vivid memories in the minds of those who worked closest to him. Through these materials, assembled over the course of more than twenty years, one is able to know Churchill in a way never before possible.
Martin Gilbert: author's other books
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Churchill in April 1916, when Lieutenant-Colonel, commanding the 6th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers. Part of a battalion group photograph, taken near Ploegsteert, Belgium.
WINSTON S. CHURCHILL
by M ARTIN G ILBERT
VOLUME III
THE CHALLENGE OF WAR
19141916
Hillsdale College Press
RosettaBooks
2015
Hillsdale College Press
33 East College Street
Hillsdale, Michigan 49242
www.hillsdale.edu
Winston S. Churchill: The Challenge of War, 19141916 (Volume III)
Copyright 1971 by C & T Publications Limited
Originally published in 1971 by William Heinemann Ltd. in Great Britain and by Houghton Mifflin in the United States.
All rights reserved. eBook edition published 2015 by Hillsdale College Press and RosettaBooks
Cover art by Jirka Vtinen (based on photograph from The Press Association Ltd, 18 September 1915)
Cover design by Jay McNair
ISBN Mobipocket edition: 9780795344527
www.RosettaBooks.com
Dedicated to the Memory of Randolph Churchill
Acknowledgements
Frontispiece
Lieutenant-Colonel Churchill: near Ploegsteert, April 1916
[Major-General Sir Edmund Hakewill Smith]
Section 1
1. Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty, inset Clementine Churchill, 1914
[Tatler: 12 August 1914]
2. Full Steam Ahead: cartoon of Churchill by Poy, 4 August 1914
[Argus Press Ltd]
3. H. H. Asquith, at the end of 1915
[Radio Times Hulton Picture Library]
4. Field-Marshal Earl Kitchener of Khartoum in 1914
[Mansell Collection]
5. Churchill and Field-Marshal Sir John French, summer 1914
[Lady Patricia Kingsbury]
6. Prince Louis of Battenberg, January 1914
[Admiral of the Fleet Earl Mountbatten of Burma]
7. Churchill and Sir Edward Grey, 1914
[The Press Association Ltd]
8. British armoured train in action at Antwerp, October 1914
[The Times History of the War 1914]
9. A London bus used by the Royal Naval Division, and captured by the Germans at Antwerp, October 1914
[The Times History of the War 1914]
10. Colonel J. E. B. Seely and Churchill at Antwerp, October 1914
[Great Deeds of the War: 12 December 1914]
11. Churchill at Antwerp, October 1914
[Mirrorpic]
12. Churchill, Lord Kitchener, and David Lloyd George: cartoon by Poy on Churchills birthday, 30 November 1914
[Argus Press Ltd]
13. Churchill Family Portrait, late 1914
[Mr Peregrine S. Churchill]
Section 2
14. Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher, 1915
[Lord James Douglas-Hamilton]
15. Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, 1914
[Bassano & Vandyk Ltd]
16. Vice-Admiral Carden, 1914
[The Times History of the War]
17. General Sir Ian Hamilton and Vice-Admiral de Robeck at the Dardanelles, 1915
[Imperial War Museum]
18. Enver Pasha, Turkish Minister of War
[Radio Times Hulton Picture Library]
19. Djavid Bey, Turkish Minister of Finance
[The Times History of the War]
20. Talaat Bey, Turkish Minister of the Interior
[Radio Times Hulton Picture Library]
21. King George V and Churchill arriving at Blandford to inspect the Royal Naval Division before its departure to the Dardanelles, 25 February 1915
[Mr Harry Skinner]
22. H.M.S. Irresistible foundering at the Dardanelles, 18 March 1915
[The Times History of the War]
23. Jack Churchill, while a Major on Sir Ian Hamiltons staff at Mudros, 1915
[Imperial War Museum]
24. Lieutenant-Commander Wedgwood, MP, 17 September 1914
[Hutchinson & Co]
25. Major-General Braithwaite and General Sir Ian Hamilton going ashore, the Gallipoli Peninsula, 1915
[Imperial War Museum]
26. British Armoured Motor Cars at Helles, Gallipoli Peninsula, 1915
[Imperial War Museum]
27. Churchill, February 1915
[The Press Association Ltd]
Section 3
28. Churchill as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
[Bystander: 2 June]
29. Churchill and A. J. Balfour, 1915
[Daily Mail]
30. Churchill, Lord Lansdowne and Lord Curzon, 1915
[London News Agency Ltd]
31. Sir Edward Carson and F. E. Smith, before 1914
[2nd Earl of Birkenhead]
32. Andrew Bonar Law
[Elliott and Fry Ltd]
33. Sir Max Aitken, 1916
[The Press Association Ltd]
34. Churchill and his wife arriving at Enfield, 18 September 1915
[YM The British Empire YMCA Weekly: 24 September 1915]
35. Churchill addressing munitions workers at Enfield, 18 September 1915: a sequence of five photographs
[The Press Association Ltd]
36. A Sopwith biplane which Churchill had just piloted, 1913: biplanes of this type were used on the western front and at the Dardanelles, 191416
[Mr James Dawson]
37. Wing-Commander Samson, 1915
[Radio Times Hulton Picture Library]
38. Churchill and Lloyd George at Wormwood Scrubs, 28 June 1915
[Imperial War Museum]
39. Evacuation of a gun and men from the Gallipoli Peninsula, December 1915
[Imperial War Museum]
40. Churchill and Lloyd George, autumn, 1915
[Radio Times Hulton Picture Library]
Section 4
41. Churchill leaving for the Front, early 1916
[European Picture Service]
42. Churchill and Sir Archibald Sinclair, Armentires, 11 February 1916
[The late Hon Randolph S. Churchill]
43. Captain Gibb, Adjutant, 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers, April 1916
[Major-General Sir Edmund Hakewill Smith]
44. Lieutenant Napier-Clavering, Royal Engineers, 1916
[Mrs Avis Napier-Clavering]
45. 2nd Lieutenant Hakewill Smith, 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers, April 1916
[Major-General Sir Edmund Hakewill Smith]
46. 2nd Lieutenant McDavid, 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1916
[Mr Jock McDavid]
47. Churchill with General Fayolle, Captain Spiers and others, 29 December 1915
[Imperial War Museum]
48. Violet Bonham Carter, Clementine Churchill and David Lloyd George, Ponders End, 3 February 1916
[YM The British Empire YMCA Weekly: 11 February 1916]
49. German shell exploding above Ploegsteert Wood, early 1916
[Imperial War Museum]
50. Ploegsteert Church, spring 1916
[M R. Ryckaert]
51. British trench in the Ploegsteert sector, after a snowfall, January 1916
[Mlle A. Chaignon]
52. Churchill, 1916
[The London Magazine: October 1916]
53. Clementine Churchill, 1915
[YM The British Empire YMCA Weekly: 3 September 1915]
54. Churchill, summer 1916
[The Press Association Ltd]
55. David Lloyd George, 1916
[Frances, Countess Lloyd-George of Dwyfor]
for general reference:
This volume spans two and a half years of Winston Churchills life, from July 1914 to December 1916. As First Lord of the Admiralty during the first nine months of the war he was responsible for one of the two fighting services of the Government. As a member of the War Council from its inception in November 1914, he was at the centre of British war policy. During those nine months he had greater responsibilities than at any time until he became Prime Minister in 1940. The Royal Navy depended upon him for its orders and its morale. He was in charge of the air defence of Britain, and launched a series of air attacks on Germany. He established the Royal Naval Division, a military force under direct Admiralty control, which fought at the siege of Antwerp in October 1914. At Antwerp he himself supervised the British military effort, and for three days took command of the citys defences. In January 1915 he embarked upon the plans which were to lead to the naval attack on Turkey at the Dardanelles. His authority was wide, extending over every aspect of naval planning and action. These responsibilities exhilarated him. He was only thirty-nine at the outbreak of war; his youth, energy and zeal made possible continuous exertions, plans and stratagems, not all limited to naval affairs.
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