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Wood - Fifty Economic Fallacies Exposed

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Wood Fifty Economic Fallacies Exposed
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Fifty Economic Fallacies Exposed: summary, description and annotation

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The author; Foreword; Acknowledgements; Introduction; Regulation and markets; Ticket touts are harmful and wicked. They should be stamped out by law; The conduct of an industry -- in particular, how it serves consumers -- is improved by government regulation; The state should step in to protect the environment; Firms should not make profits; International trade and finance; One country should not cut its tariffs unless others do; Free trade should be fair; Free trade causes unemployment; A current account deficit is a problem; The country should be more competitive.;These lucid and stimulating articles are invaluable to students struggling to master some of the complexities of economic theory and its applications, who often find that the most effective way to learn economic analysis is to see such fallacies exposed. It is a text particularly suitable for first-year economic students, complementing existing textbooks as it does, and clarifying basic concepts in economics while demonstrating the practical uses of economic theory -- back cover.

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Second edition published in Great Britain in 2014 by The Institute of Economic - photo 1

Second edition published in Great Britain in 2014 by

The Institute of Economic Affairs

2 Lord North Street

Westminster

London SW1P 3LB

in association with London Publishing Partnership Ltd

www.londonpublishingpartnership.co.uk

First edition published in 2002 by

The Institute of Economic Affairs

in association with Profile Books Ltd

The mission of the Institute of Economic Affairs is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

Copyright The Institute of Economic Affairs 2002, 2014

The moral right of the author has been asserted.

All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-0-255-36665-6 (ebk)

Many IEA publications are translated into languages other
than English or are reprinted. Permission to translate or to reprint
should be sought from the Director General at the address above.

Typeset in Kepler by T&T Productions Ltd

www.tandtproductions.com

The author

Geoffrey Wood is Emeritus Professor of Economics at City University Business School, London, and Emeritus Professor of Monetary Economics at the University of Buckingham. He has also taught at the University of Warwick, and been on the research staff of the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis. He has published extensively in the areas of monetary economics and international economics. Among these publications are Too Much Money? , with Gordon Pepper (IEA, 1975); Independence for the Bank of England? , with Forrest Capie and Terry Mills (IEA, 1993); The Right Road to Monetary Union Revisited , with John Chown and Max Beber (IEA, 1994); and Money Over Two Centuries: Selected Topics in British Monetary History (Oxford University Press, 2012), comprising work with Forrest Capie and others, written over a period of some twenty years. His recent research has been on central bank independence and on regulation. He is a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the Institute of Economic Affairs and a trustee of the Wincott Foundation.

Foreword

It is often said that economics is applied common sense. Unfortunately, as I remember the man who owned the local bicycle shop saying to me when I was a child, the problem with common sense is that it is not common enough. And so it is that the demand for this monograph by Geoffrey Wood, Fifty Economic Fallacies Exposed , never seems to decrease.

I was delighted that Professor Wood agreed to update this publication to allow the IEA to publish a new edition. A few old fallacies have been removed to make room for new ones (though, no doubt, the old ones will become relevant again in the future). But, as the author said to me, all the fallacies are essentially the same. They arise from an inability of people to understand supply and demand (and, by implication, opportunity cost).

Henry Simons once said: Economics is primarily useful, both to the student and to the political leader, as a prophylactic against popular fallacies. Through the vehicle of undermining fallacies, Professor Wood brings to his audience good economics. As such, this new edition of Fifty Economic Fallacies Exposed is an important contribution to the IEAs educational mission.

The views expressed in this monograph are, as in all IEA publications, those of the author and not those of the Institute (which has no corporate view), its managing trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff. With some exceptions, such as with the publication of lectures, all IEA monographs are blind peer-reviewed by at least two academics or researchers who are experts in the field.

Philip Booth

Editorial and Programme Director

Institute of Economic Affairs

Professor of Insurance and Risk Management

Cass Business School, City University, London

July 2014

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to the late Arthur Seldon, who was Editor of Economic Affairs when I first proposed a regular feature exposing economic fallacies, both for accepting my suggestion and for his ever useful editorial advice. Second, many thanks go to his successor, Colin Robinson, for continuing the feature and for his most helpful suggestions of fallacies to expose and of improvements to what I had written. Third, my colleague Forrest Capie deserves thanks for over the years drawing to my attention a good number of fallacies to discuss, and giving very useful comments on drafts. Fourth, and most important, my thanks go to my assistant Debra Durston. Mrs Durston worked with me for over 25 years with continual efficiency and unshakable good humour. Her contribution to all my work over the years has been considerable. I am particularly glad to be able to acknowledge it here, in a book to which, by her calmness under pressure, she has contributed so much.

Thanks are also due to Joe Little, of the University of Bristol, who helped with the selection of fallacies to be included in this revised edition.

Introduction

Each of the short essays in this volume comprises the application of basic economic analysis and logic to a frequently repeated but fallacious belief about one aspect or another of the economy. Occasional reference is made to an item of data, but that is always simply to illustrate a point; the argument never depends on data, but always on logic.

The essays aim to serve two purposes to illustrate aspects of economic reasoning, and to expose wrong, occasionally counterproductively or even dangerously wrong, arguments. The topics are drawn from both micro-economics and macro-economics. But in every case the reasoning applied to them is either explicitly micro-economic or clearly derived from micro-economics. This reflects the fact that micro-economics, the analysis of firms and individuals interacting in markets, is the basis of all economic analysis.

Part 1. Regulation and markets

Ticket touts are harmful and wicked. They should be stamped out by law

There is an idea about that being a ticket tout is in some unexplained way disreputable, and that those who deal with them, whether buying or selling, are disgracing themselves and their associates. One cannot refute a moral judgement by logic. It is not a matter of economics. But what economics can do is to show that ticket touts are useful, and that they provide a service to both seller and buyer. There is absolutely no case for making their activities illegal.

To see this, think about what a ticket tout does. And just for the moment, we shall not call what he trades in tickets we shall call them the item.

Some person has a supply of the item surplus to what he wants. The item does not keep for ever indeed, after a certain date it becomes useless. He can do several things with it give it away, not use it (and thus let it go to waste), or he can sell it. If he wants to sell it, there are many methods open to him; but a very convenient one is to find someone who deals in the item, and is willing to buy it with the aim of reselling it, but bearing the risk that he may fail. The original possessor of the item, who is not a professional dealer, is willing to sell for a little less than he might receive from the final consumer in return for someone else bearing the risk of not selling the item.

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