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Table of Contents

America, the Glorious Republic
The Presidents: A Reference History
The Tuesday Cabinet
The Modern Researcher (with Jacques Barzun)

Henry F. Graff is a professor emeritus of history at Columbia University, where he taught his pioneering seminar on the presidency. The author of The Tuesday Cabinet and the standard reference work The Presidents , among other books, he is a frequent commentator on radio and television. He and his wife live in Scarsdale, New York.

Cleveland lives in the national memory today almost exclusively as the president who had two nonconsecutive terms of office. He deserves a better fate, for he was once revered by millions of his contemporaries for genuine merits, especially integrity. They had seen virtue enough in him to accord him popular majorities in three presidential elections. He had the ill luck to be president in a time of rampant political corruption and of economic stringency for so many of his countrymen. The public understood that what the nation required, above all, was not brilliance but the cleansing honesty and straightforwardness that he provided. Though his was a gray personality, whose words were sometimes simple homilies more suited to the pulpit than the campaign trail, he exuded sincerity and decency. No one ever doubted what he meant or where he stood.

His career extended into the twentieth century, but his years in power were part of the horse-and-buggy era. He occupied a White House not yet fully lit by electricity, and he worked in a time when the president answered important mail himself and by hand. Many could see, though, that a different, more dynamic world was coming into being. For Americans it would be symbolized by a political style that placed the president at the center of a giant revolving stage, dominating it all like a top-hattedringmaster. As a result, well before his life came to an end, Cleveland seemed an anachronismvery likely even to himselfbut in his times the people idolized him for his principled fearlessness in the role that the contingency of history gave him to play.

March 18, 1837 Stephen Grover Cleveland born in Caldwell, N.J., to Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland.

1837 Princess Victoria crowned queen of England.

1844 The first telegraph line is completedfrom Baltimore to Washington.

1846-48 The Mexican War results in the cession to the United States of California and the territory between Texas and California known as New Mexico.

1848 Revolutions convulse France, the Germanies, the Italies, and the Hapsburg Dominions.

1848 The discovery of gold in California sets off a gold rush.

1850 President Zachary Taylor dies in office. Millard Fillmore succeeds him and helps enact the Compromise of 1850.

1857 James Buchanan is inaugurated president and is fated to face the secession crisis.

1859 Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species.

1861 Lincoln is inaugurated president. The Civil War begins with the firing on Fort Sumter.

1863 Cleveland made assistant district attorney for Erie County, N.Y.

1863 The Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg take place.

1865 The Civil War ends. General Lee surrenders at Appomattox. Lincoln is assassinated.

November 1865 Cleveland is defeated in a run for district attorney.

1866 A telegraph cable is successfully laid across the Atlantic Ocean.

1868 Japan ends feudal government and restores the rule of the emperors.

1869 The first transcontinental railroad is completed with the joining of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads.

1870 The Franco-Prussian War results in Frances defeat, the fall of Napoleon III, and the establishment of the Third French Republic. The unification of Italy is completed and Rome becomes its capital with Victor Emmanuel II as king. The unification of Germany is completed and Wilhelm I is accepted as emperor. The Vatican proclaims the dogma of papal infallibility.

1871 The Great Chicago Fire destroys the city.

1874 Queen Victoria is designated Empress of India.

1876 Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.

1876-77 President Rutherford B. Hayes is elected after a disputed canvass.

1879 Thomas A. Edison patents the incandescent electric light-bulb.

1881 President James A. Garfield is assassinated, and Chester A. Arthur becomes president. Czar Alexander II is assassinated by terrorists.

November 1881 Cleveland is elected mayor of Buffalo.

November 1882 Cleveland is elected governor of New York.

1883-84 France completes its control over Indo-China.

July 8, 1884 Cleveland is nominated for president to run against the Republican James G. Blaine and is elected in November.

March 4, 1885 Clevelands first term as president begins.

1885 Karl Benz in Germany produces the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine.

June 2, 1886 Cleveland marries Frances Folsom at the White House.

1887 The United States acquires the right to establish a naval base at Pearl Harbor.

1888 Wilhelm II becomes emperor of Germany.

November 1888 Cleveland is defeated for reelection by Benjamin Harrison.

1889 Cleveland enters the private practice of law with the New York firm of Bangs, Stetson, Tracy and MacVeagh.

November 1892 Cleveland is reelected president, defeating Benjamin Harrison.

1894 The first public showing of a motion picture occursby the Lumire brothers in Paris. The Dreyfus Affair erupts in France over a trumped-up charge of treason against a young captain.

1894-95 The Sino-Japanese War results in Japans acquisition of Taiwan and other Chinese territories.

1895 Wilhelm C. Rntgen, in Germany, announces the discovery of X rays.

1896 The Democrats nominate William Jennings Bryan for president.

March 4, 1897 Clevelands second term expires, and William McKinley becomes president.

1898 The United States annexes Hawaii. The Spanish-American War ends with the United States acquiring colonial possessions: the Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

1901 President McKinley is assassinated in Buffalo, and Theodore Roosevelt becomes president. Queen Victoria dies and is succeeded by Edward VII, opening the Edwardian era. Guglielmo Marconi sends the first wireless signals across the Atlantic.

1903 The Wright brothers successfully fly the first heavier-than-air aircraft.

1904-5 The Russo-Japanese War, with Japan victorious, discredits the czarist regime and generates public pressure for national reform.

1905 Albert Einstein propounds his theory of relativity.

1906 San Francisco is devastated by an earthquake.

June 24, 1908 Cleveland dies in Princeton, N.J.

BY GROVER CLEVELAND

Presidential Problems (New York: The Century Company, 1904).

Fishing and Shooting Sketches (New York: Outing Publishing Company, 1906).

Good Citizenship (Philadelphia: Henry Altemus Company, 1908).

DOCUMENTS

Bergh, Albert Ellery, ed., Grover Cleveland: Addresses, State Papers and Letters (New York: The Sun Dial Classics Company, 1908).

Nevins, Allan, ed., Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850-1908 (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1933).

BIOGRAPHICAL WORKS

Brodsky, Alyn, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character (New York: St. Martins Press, 2000).

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