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Lyons - Islam through Western eyes: from the crusades to the War on Terrorism

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Lyons Islam through Western eyes: from the crusades to the War on Terrorism
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War without end? -- Foucaults toolbox -- The Western idea of Islam -- Islam and science -- Islam and violence -- Islam and women -- Whats wrong with us?;Despite the Wests growing involvement in Muslim societies, conflicts, and cultures, its inability to understand or analyze the Islamic world threatens any prospect for East--West rapprochement. Impelled by one thousand years of anti-Muslim ideas and images, the West has failed to engage in any meaningful or productive way with the world of Islam. Formulated in the medieval halls of the Roman Curia and courts of the European Crusaders and perfected in the newsrooms of Fox News and CNN, this anti-Islamic discourse determines what can and cannot be said about Muslims and their religion, trapping the West in a dangerous, dead-end politics that it cannot afford. In Islam through Western eyes, Jonathan Lyons unpacks Western habits of thinking and writing about Islam, conducting a careful analysis of the Wests grand totalizing narrative across one thousand years of history. He observes the discourses corrosive effects on the social sciences, including sociology, politics, philosophy, theology, international relations, security studies, and human rights scholarship. He follows its influence on research, speeches, political strategy, and government policy, preventing the West from responding effectively to its most significant twenty-first-century challenges: the rise of Islamic power, the emergence of religious violence, and the growing tension between established social values and multicultural rights among Muslim immigrant populations.

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ISLAM THROUGH WESTERN EYES
ISLAM
THROUGH
WESTERN
EYES
FROM THE CRUSADES TO THE WAR ON TERRORISM JONATHAN LYONS COLUMBIA - photo 1
FROM THE CRUSADES TO
THE WAR ON TERRORISM
JONATHAN LYONS
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESSNEW YORK
Picture 2
Columbia University Press
Publishers Since 1893
New York Chichester, West Sussex
cup.columbia.edu
Copyright 2012 Columbia University Press
All rights reserved
E-ISBN 978-0-231-52814-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lyons, Jonathan.
Islam through Western eyes : from the crusades
to the war on terrorism / Jonathan Lyons.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-231-15894-7 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-231-52814-6 (ebook)
1. Islam21st century. 2. IslamPublic opinion.
3. IslamophobiaEurope. 4. Islamic countriesRelationsEurope.
5. EuropeRelationsIslamic countries. 6. East and West. I. Title.
BP161.3.L.96 2012
303.48'2176701821dc23 2011024499
A Columbia University Press E-book.
CUP would be pleased to hear about your reading experience with this e-book at .
References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.
To my mother, Evelyn Lyons,
who taught me respect for language
C ONTENTS
THE FORMAL AND theoretical aspects of this study took shape relatively recently, but many of the ideas and observations that provided its initial spark were gathered during the two decades I spent as a journalist, much of that in and around the Muslim world. As a result, the many debts incurred are largely impossible to recount and measure, much less repay. I would, however, like to thank Gary Bouma of Monash University for his insight and counsel throughout the lifetime of this manuscript. Greg Barton, director of the universitys Centre for Islam in the Modern World, acted as an invaluable sounding board. Geneive Abdo first introduced me to a world of Islam at odds with most standard accounts, and I benefitted from her sharp eye and well-tuned ear.
A number of people read all or parts of the manuscript at various stages, to my great advantage. David L. Wank offered the kind of insightful commentary and encouragement that only an experienced colleague and lifelong friend could provide. Paul M. Cobb was more than generous with his time, expertise, and advice. Wael B. Hallaq directed my attention to the Western narrative of Islamic law. Bryan S. Turner and Abdullah Saeed provided useful commentary on an early version of the text. The anonymous referees made valuable suggestions. Deborah Lyons offered both erudition and sisterly support. My agent, Will Lippincott, helped me transform the dissertation into a published book as painlessly as possible. I owe thanks also to my editor, Anne Routon of Columbia University Press, for her enthusiasm for this project.
Finally, I offer special thanks to Michelle Johnson for her unflagging backing and sharp editorial sense over the years it took me to develop, research, and complete this work, a journey that often took me far from home. Needless to say, any errors of omission or commission in the book are my own.
This crusade, this war on terrorism, is going to take a while.
GEORGE W. BUSH
THE TERRORIST ATTACKS of September 11, 2001, and their aftermath are just the latest reminder of the Wests complete and enduring failure to engage in any meaningful and productive way with the world of Islam. For almost ten centuries, attempts at understanding have been held hostage to a grand, totalizing Western narrative that shapes what can and, more important, what cannot be said and thought about Islam and the Muslims. This is no less true today, from the political arena to the counterterrorism think tanks, from the academy to the Internet blogosphere, than it was in the medieval halls of the Roman Curia and the courts of the European Crusaders.
Further, this same narrative, which reflects what I call the anti-Islam discourse, exercises a profound and corrosive effect on a range of issues across the contemporary social sciences, including sociology, politics, the history of ideas, law, religion, international relations, human rights, and security studies. It casts a shadow over the way social scientists of various stripes think and write and speak about Islam and the Muslims. It shapes how social scientists listen to what Muslims say and interpret what they do. And it guides their research programs and publications, their private advice to governments, and their statements to the press and the public at large. These developments have, in turn, left Western societies both intellectually unprepared and politically unable to respond successfully to some of the most significant challenges of the early twenty-first centurythe global rise of Islamist political power, the more narrow emergence of religious violence and terrorism, clashes between established social values and multicultural rights on the part of growing Muslim immigrant populations, and so on.
As a result of these failures, the notion of a looming clash of world civilizations, advanced first by Bernard Lewis (1990) and more comprehensively by Samuel Huntington (1993, 1996), is moving steadily from a theoretical exerciseone that the foreign-policy establishment and academics alike initially dismissed (e.g., Mottahedeh 1996; Gergez 1999; Abrahamian 2003)toward a self-fulfilling prophecy. To see how effectively this notion has captured Western imaginations, one has only to consider the successful Swiss referendum campaign in November 2009 to write into the Constitution a ban on the building of minarets or the decision by Oklahoma voters in November 2010 to bar the use of Islamic law in state courts. Tellingly, in the cases of both Switzerland and Oklahoma, no such threats ever existed. In such an atmosphere, it has been all too easy for the contemporary U.S. neoconservatives and their supporters worldwide, who have relied on this anti-Islam discourse to generate fear of the Muslim other, to sell the war on terrorism as essential to Western security, and to lead the West into its greatest confrontation with Islam since the Middle Ages.
Properly unpacked, the anti-Islam discourse can be shown to provide more than just the context and imagery that surround the war on terrorism, the present wave of Islamophobia, or the broader cultural project advanced by adherents of Huntingtons coming civilizational clash. despite the interrogatory tone of the title to his original journal articleThe Clash of Civilizations?Huntington leaves little doubt that he expects a future conflict, driven not by ideology or economics but by culture: The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural (1993:22). Perhaps more telling, the book-length version appeared three years later under virtually the same title, but without the question mark.
Although it is a relatively simple matter to connect the dots between this discourse and the present state of tensions between Islam and the West, to stop there would be to overlook the profound nature of a discourse that has silently shaped one thousand years of shared history and that seems destined to shape the future as well. Its powers extend well beyond the war on terrorism, and they explain a whole host of subtle but important derivative effects, without which the clash-of-civilizations thesis that underpins this war would quite literally be unthinkable.
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