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Steven M. Smith - The creative cognition approach: edited by Steven M. Smith, Thomas B. Ward, and Ronald A. Finke

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Mental processes are the essence of creative endeavor. The Creative Cognition Approach extends this particular view of creativity, first proposed and developed by the editors in their earlier book Creative Cognition, to the programs and theoretical views of some of the most prominent researchers in the areas of problem solving, concept formation, and thinking. Chapters cover a wide range of approaches and processes that play a role in creative cognition, from those that have their roots in associationism (the notion that creative ideas are produced incrementally), to the Gestalt point of view (particularly insight), to current computational approaches. Each chapter deals with central issues in cognition and creativity, and many consider new ways in which creativity can be studied under controlled conditions. The Creative Cognition Approach begins with a new look at an ancient subject, dreams. It then takes up intuition and insight from a contemporary cognitive perspective, and the importance of using prior knowledge in the incremental view of creative problem solving, which is contrasted with the importance of various forms of fixation and sudden insight. Studies are presented that provide new methods for distinguishing insight problem solving from analytic problem solving, and a general description of recall, problem solving, and creative thinking is provided along with relevant experimental evidence. Numerous laboratory studies of creative idea generation are described that reveal the conceptual structures that give rise to imaginative thinking. Visual representations are considered in the context of memory distortions, and in the use of diagrams in scientific discovery. Models that help clarify the relation between comprehension and creativity are discussed, and a novel integration of ideas (primary and secondary process thinking, conditioning, genetic algorithms, chaos theory, the thermodynamics of crystallography) are brought together in a connectionist framework. A multivariate investment approach is used to study creative performance, and criteria for assessing and enhancing creative realism are detailed. A Bradford Book

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title The Creative Cognition Approach author Smith Steven M - photo 1

title:The Creative Cognition Approach
author:Smith, Steven M.; Ward, Thomas B.; Finke, Ronald A.
publisher:MIT Press
isbn10 | asin:026219354X
print isbn13:9780262193542
ebook isbn13:9780585003498
language:English
subjectCreative ability, Creative thinking, Cognition.
publication date:1995
lcc:BF408.C745 1995eb
ddc:153.3/5
subject:Creative ability, Creative thinking, Cognition.
Page iii
The Creative Cognition Approach
edited by Steven M. Smith, Thomas B. Ward, and
Ronald A. Finke
A Bradford Book
The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England
Page iv
1995 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.
This book was set in Palatino by DEKR Corporation and was printed and bound in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The creative cognition approach / edited by Steven M. Smith, Thomas B. Ward, and Ronald A. Finke.
p. cm.
"A Bradford book."
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-262-19354-X
1. Creative ability. 2. Creative thinking. 3. Cognition.
I. Smith, Steven M. II. Ward, Thomas B. III. Finke, Ronald A.
BF408.C745 1995
153.3'5-dc20
94-21947
CIP
Page v
Contents
Preface
vii
Introduction:
Cognitive Processes in Creative Contexts
Steven M. Smith, Thomas B. Ward, and Ronald A. Finke
1
Part I
Knowledge and Insight in Creative Cognition
Chapter 1
Origins and Consequences of Novelty
George Mandler
9
Chapter 2
Intuitive Antecedents of Insight
Kenneth S. Bowers, Peter Farvolden, and Lambros Mermigis
27
Chapter 3
Case Studies of Creative Thinking: Reproduction versus Restructuring in the Real World
Robert W. Weisberg
53
Chapter 4
Productive Problem Solving
Roger L. Dominowski
73
Chapter 5
The Ineffability of Insight
Jonathan W. Schooler and Joseph Melcher
97
Chapter 6
Fixation, Incubation, and Insight in Memory and Creative Thinking
Steven M. Smith
135

Page vi
Chapter 7
What's Old about New Ideas?
Thomas B. Ward
157
Part II
Visual and Computational Approaches to Creative Cognition
Chapter 8
Static Patterns Moving in the Mind
Jennifer J. Freyd and Teresa M. Pantzer
179
Chapter 9
Scientific Discovery and Creative Reasoning with Diagrams
Peter C.-H. Cheng and Herbert A. Simon
205
Chapter 10
Making Machines Creative
Roger C. Schank and Chip Cleary
229
Chapter 11
Creativity and Connectionism
Colin Martindale
249
Part III
General Issues in Creative Cognition
Chapter 12
An Investment Approach to Creativity
Todd I. Lubart and Robert I. Sternberg
269
Chapter 13
Creative Realism
Ronald A. Finke
303
Conclusion
Principles, Paradoxes, and Prospects for the Future of Creative Cognition
Steven M. Smith, Thomas B. Ward, and Ronald A. Finke
327
Name Index
337
Subject Index
343

Page vii
Preface
When we originally set out to compile this volume on creative cognition, we were worried that many cognitive scientists might find the subject matter frivolous or unscientific. Like other topics that were once considered unrealistic or unresearchable, such as consciousness or mental imagery, written work on creativity has often lacked scientific rigor. Our worries were quickly dispelled, however, as soon as we contacted the contributors to this book. We discovered that the authors had already done a good deal of thinking on the subject of creative cognition, and that they were eager for the opportunity to discuss their research in this area. The resulting chapters provide a vision of how cognitive science can explore creativity in the coming years.
The first part deals with one of the most controversial issues in creative cognition, namely, the use of existing knowledge in creative thinking. Some note the importance of utilizing expert knowledge to avoid reinventing the wheel. Others, however, note that there are times when expertise must be suspended if one is to discover truly novel ideals and insights. The chapters in part I lay out the issues in this controversy and in some cases attempt to resolve these seemingly paradoxical points of view.
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