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THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF COLONIALISM

Leigh Gardner and Tirthankar Roy

First published in Great Britain in 2020 by

Bristol University Press

1-9 Old Park Hill

Bristol

BS2 8BB

UK

t: +44 (0)117 954 5940

www.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk

Bristol University Press 2020

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-5292-0763-7 (hardback)

ISBN 978-1-5292-0764-4 (paperback)

ISBN 978-1-5292-0765-1 (ePDF)

ISBN 978-1-5292-0766-8 (ePub)

The right of Leigh Gardner and Tirthankar Roy to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of Bristol University Press.

Every reasonable effort has been made to obtain permission to reproduce copyrighted material. If, however, anyone knows of an oversight, please contact the publisher.

The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the authors and not of the University of Bristol or Bristol University Press. The University of Bristol and Bristol University Press disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any material published in this publication.

Bristol University Press works to counter discrimination on grounds of gender, race, disability, age and sexuality.

Cover design by blu inc

Front cover image: Alamy/Granger Historical Picture Archive

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CMP, Poole

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Map 1: Asia, 1914

Map 2: India, 1939

Map 3: Africa, 1914

Contents

Figures

Tables

Boxes

People, events and places

Alexandre de Rhodes (15911660)	Jesuit missionary in Vietnam, Macau and Persia. Building on efforts by his predecessors, de Rhodes established a church in Vietnam. A linguist and a lexicographer, his work created a knowledge base on Southeast Asia for the Europeans and also influenced Vietnamese culture.
Atlantic Slave Trade (c.1500c.1870)	Refers to the export of enslaved Africans from the Atlantic coast of West Africa. The trade began slowly during the 16th century after the arrival of Portuguese merchants on the coast. They were soon joined by merchants and firms from other European countries, who traded a variety of goods for enslaved men and women. The volume of the trade reached its peak in the 18th century, and declined gradually after a number of European countries abolished the trade in the early 19th century.
Berlin Conference (188485)	Called by the first Chancellor of Germany, Otto von Bismarck, the conference in Berlin became an occasion to discuss division of territories in West Africa. Fourteen countries, which had a presence in the coastal areas and little presence in the interior, took part in it.
Cecil Rhodes (18531902)	British businessman in southern Africa, and prime minister of the Cape Colony (189096). Although successful and far-sighted in his mining enterprises, Rhodes political legacy is controversial for a variety of reasons, including for his role as a facilitator of settler rule in southern Africa.
Central African Federation (195363)	Also known as the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Short-lived union of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Nyasaland (now Malawi). It was controversial, particularly among the African majority who believed it would extend racially discriminatory policies from Southern Rhodesia to the other two territories. After its collapse, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland became independent from Britain. Southern Rhodesia issued a unilateral declaration of independence in 1965, and remained under white minority rule until 1979.
CFA franc	French colonial currency created in 1945, and retained by many (though not all) formerly French colonies in Africa after independence, when the name was changed from Colonies Franaises dAfrique to Communaut Financire Africaine. The CFA franc zone comprises two currency unions in West Africa and Central Africa. The CFA franc was initially issued at a fixed rate with the French franc, and is now fixed to the euro.
David Livingstone (181373)	Scottish missionary, doctor and anti-slavery campaigner; his explorations in Central Africa facilitated further European expeditions in the region.
East India Company, British	Founded in 1600 by London merchants, bankers and shipping magnates, and with a Crown monopoly to trade in the Indian Ocean region, the Company was among the richest business firms in the world during much of its career. From the mid-17th century, its field of operation moved mainly towards India. The Company began to politically control a part of India from 175765, and was in possession of an empire by 1858, when the Crown took over the rule of India. The Company formally continued for a few more years, without business to conduct.
East India Company, Dutch	Started in 1602 by the amalgamation of several trading firms to trade in Asia. In the 17th century, the Company was the largest among the European trading firms in Asia, especially in Coromandel and Malabar (India), Java, Japan, Taiwan, Malacca (Malaya) and Ceylon. In the mid-18th century, the Company concentrated mainly on Southeast Asia. In 1800, the Batavian Republic created after the French Revolution took over the bankrupt Companys assets and debts.
East India Company, French	Created in 1660 with the amalgamation of three trading firms and a royal charter, the Company was taken over by the king in 1769 and liquidated in 1794. In the 18th century, the Company had established ports in the Indian Ocean islands and the Indian seaboard, and fought wars with the British in India.
H.M. Stanley (18411904)	Welsh journalist and explorer in equatorial Africa. Stanleys knowledge of the region facilitated organized attempts to control and exploit territories, most famously Leopold IIs enterprise in the Congo.
Henri Duveyrier (184092)	French explorer whose accounts of the Sahara contained valuable geographical information that helped later visitors in the region.
Indian Mutiny (185758)	A mutiny by infantry soldiers of the East India Company army, which later turned into a civilian rebellion against British rule in India. It was confined to a few districts in northern and central India, but threatened to engulf all of British India. The rebellion failed, among other reasons because the rebels could not form a viable government in the areas it gained control over, and many Indian business interests did not join the rebels, so that the port cities remained peaceful.

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