COMMUNICATING COVID-19
Everyday Life, Digital
Capitalism, and Conspiracy
Theories in Pandemic Times
BY
CHRISTIAN FUCHS
University of Westminster, UK
United Kingdom North America Japan India Malaysia China
Emerald Publishing Limited
Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK
First edition 2021
Copyright 2021 Christian Fuchs
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-80117-723-8 (Print)
ISBN: 978-1-80117-720-7 (Online)
ISBN: 978-1-80117-722-1 (Epub)
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1. | COVID-19 Infection and Death Statistics. |
Table 2.1. | David Harvey's (2005b) Typology of Social Space. |
Table 2.2. | Social Space in the Coronavirus Crisis. |
Table 2.3. | Lefebvre's Distinction Between the Lived and the Living. |
Table 2.4. | Five Types of the Means of Communication. |
Table 4.1. | Sampling of Relevant Artefacts. |
Table 5.1. | Data Sources Used in the Conducted Empirical Research. |
Table 5.2. | The Coding Scheme Utilised in the Conducted Research. |
Table 5.3. | descriptive Statistics of the Analysed Dataset. |
Table 5.4. | Named Enemies in the Use of the Friend/Enemy Scheme; Total Number of Postings Using the Friend Enemy Scheme: N = 452, Listed are all Persons and Groups That in Total had More Than Ten Mentions. |
Table 5.5. | The Ideological Square Model, Own Visualisation Based on van Dijk (1998, 267). |
Table 6.1. | Exit Polls in the 2016 and 2020 US Presidential Elections Showing the Share of Voters Who Fall Into a Specific Category. |
Table 6.2. | Sample of 19 Trump Tweets About COVID-19, Accessed on 19 December 2020, Numbers Are Given in Thousands. |
Table 6.3. | Share of Weekly Deaths due to COVID-19, Pneumonia and Influenza in the United States, 2020. |
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. | Everyday Life and Everyday Communication. |
Figure 2.2. | Everyday Life and Everyday Communication in the Coronavirus Crisis. |
Figure 3.1. | Breitbart's Spreading of Rush Limbaugh's COVID-19 Conspiracy Theory on Social Media, https://www.facebook.com/Breitbart/posts/rush-limbaugh-it-looks-like-the-coronavirus-is-being-weaponized-as-yet-another-e/10164646988865354/, Accessed on 28 March 2020. |
Figure 6.1. | A Tweet by Donald Trump Containing Fabricated. |
Figure 6.2. | Election Fraud Conspiracy Theory Tweets by Donald Trump. |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Earlier versions of Chapter 2 and Chapter 3s Section 3.3 have been previously published as a journal article that has been reproduced and built upon with kind permission of the journal tripleC (http://www.triple-c.at). Original source: Fuchs, C. (2020). Everyday life and everyday communication in coronavirus capitalism. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique, 18 (1), 375399. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v18i1.1167
INTRODUCTION: PANDEMIC TIMES
ABSTRACT
This chapter introduces the goal of the book, namely to answer the question: How have society and the ways we communicate changed in the COVID-19 pandemic crisis?
It outlines the context, namely the COVID-19 pandemic's transformation of society and analyses what role capitalism plays in this role as context of the pandemic that is not its cause but a condition and that does not determine but conditions the effects of the pandemic on society.
1.1 Communicating COVID-19
This book is a contribution to the analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic on society. It takes a sociological and communication studies approach for analysing the following question: How have society and the ways we communicate changed in the COVID-19 pandemic crisis?
This main question was broken down into a series of sub-questions. There is one chapter in this book dedicated to each sub-question:
- Chapter 2: How have everyday life and everyday communication changed in the COVID-19 crisis? How has capitalism shaped everyday life and everyday communication during this crisis?
- Chapter 3: What is a conspiracy theory? How do conspiracy theories matter in the context of the COVID-19 crisis?
- Chapter 4: How do COVID-19 conspiracy theories about Bill Gates work?
- Chapter 5: How do Internet users react to COVID-19 conspiracy theories spread on social media?
- Chapter 6: How has Donald Trump communicated about COVID-19 on Twitter? How have conspiracy theories influenced his Twitter communication about COVID-19?
The book is organised in the form of seven chapters. The introduction sets out the societal context of the study. Chapters 26 address the mentioned questions. Chapter 7 draws conclusions for the future of communication and society.
1.2 SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
In 2020 and 2021, the pandemic crisis that emerged from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) this virus causes shook the world. The virus originated in bats. It was most likely transmitted to humans by the pangolin (Andersen et al. 2020), a subdomain of the mammal clade of Ferae, to which besides the pangolin also carnivorans (e.g. dogs, bears, cats, big cats) belong. The virus first appeared in December 2019 on a food market in Wuhan, the capital of the Chinese province of Hubei, and spread worldwide.
shows some data about COVID-19 infections and deaths. Until mid-March 2021, one year after the World Health Organization (WHO) had declared the disease a global pandemic, there were more than 120 million infections worldwide with 2.7 million individuals who had died from the disease. This means an average mortality rate of 2.2%.
Although not as deadly as SARS or MERS, COVID-19's currently guesstimated 2% mortality rate is comparable to the Spanish flu, and like that monster it probably has the ability to infect a majority of the human race unless antiviral and vaccine development quickly come to the rescue
(Davis 2020b, 14)
Table 1.1. COVID-19 Infection and Death Statistics.