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James W. Pardew - Peacemakers: American Leadership and the End of Genocide in the Balkans

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The wars that accompanied the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s were the deadliest European conflicts since World War II. The violence escalated to the point of genocide when, over the course of ten days in July 1995, Serbian troops under the command of General Ratko Mladic murdered 8,000 unarmed men and boys who had sought refuge at a UN safe-haven in Srebrenica. Shocked, the United States quickly launched a diplomatic intervention supported by military force that ultimately brought peace to the new nations created when Yugoslavia disintegrated.

Peacemakers is the first inclusive history of the successful multilateral intervention in the Balkans from 19952008 by an official directly involved in the diplomatic and military responses to the crises. A deadly accident near Sarajevo in 1995 thrust James Pardew into the center of efforts to stop the fighting in Bosnia. In a detailed narrative, he shows how Richard Holbrooke and the US envoys who followed him helped to stop or prevent vicious wars in Bosnia, Croatia, Kosovo, and Macedonia. Pardew describes the human drama of diplomacy and war, illuminating the motives, character, talents, and weaknesses of the national leaders involved.

Pardew demonstrates that the use of US power to relieve human suffering is a natural fit with American values. Peacemakers serves as a potent reminder that American leadership and multilateral cooperation are often critical to resolving international crises.

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PEACEMAKERS PEACEMAKERS American Leadership and the End of Genocide in the - photo 1
PEACEMAKERS
PEACEMAKERS
American Leadership and the End of Genocide in the Balkans
JAMES W. PARDEW
Due to variations in the technical specifications of different electronic - photo 2
Due to variations in the technical specifications of different electronic reading devices, some elements of this ebook may not appear as they do in the print edition. Readers are encouraged to experiment with user settings for optimum results.
Copyright 2018 by The University Press of Kentucky
Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth,
serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University.
All rights reserved.
Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008
www.kentuckypress.com
Cataloging-in-Publication data available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-0-8131-7435-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-8131-7437-2 (epub)
ISBN 978-0-8131-7436-5 (pdf)
This book is printed on acid-free paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials.
Peacemakers American Leadership and the End of Genocide in the Balkans - image 3
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Peacemakers American Leadership and the End of Genocide in the Balkans - image 4
Member of the Association of
American University Presses
To Kathy with eternal love and respect
Contents
Maps
Abbreviations
ABiH
Army of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina (Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine)
ASI
Acquisition Support Institute
CJCS
chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
DOD
US Department of Defense
DPA
Democratic Party for Albanians (Demokratska Partija na Albancite)
EU
European Union
FRY
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
HVO
Croatian Army in Bosnia (Hrvatsko Vijece Obrane)
ICTY
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
IFOR
Implementation Force in Bosnia
KDOM
US Kosovo Diplomatic Observer Mission
KFOR
Kosovo Force
KLA
Kosovo Liberation Army
KPC
Kosovo Protection Corps
KVM
Kosovo Verification Mission
LDK
Democratic League of Kosovo (Lidhja Demokratike e Kosoves)
MPRI
Military Professional Resources Incorporated
MTA
military-technical agreement
MUP
Special Ministry of Interior Police (Ministarstvo Unutrasnjih Poslova), Yugoslavia
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NLA
National Liberation Army
NSC
US National Security Council
OSCE
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
PDP
Party for Democratic Prosperity (Partija z Demokratski Prosperitet)
SACEUR
supreme Allied commander Europe
SDSM
Socialist Democratic Union of Macedonia (Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija)
SFOR
Stabilization Force in Bosnia
SRSG
special representative of the UN secretary general in Kosovo
T&E Program
US Train and Equip Program for Bosnia
UAE
United Arab Emirates
UN
United Nations
UNMIK
United Nations Mission in Kosovo
UNPROFOR
United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia
UNSCR
United Nations Security Council resolution
VJ
Armed Forces of the Republic of Yugoslavia (Vojska Jugoslavije)
VMRO-DPMNE
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary OrganizationDemocratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (Vatreshna Makedonska-Revolutsionerna OrganizatsiyaDemokratska Partija za Makedonsko Nacionalno Edinstvo)
Preface
After a reluctant start, American leadership of the international intervention in the former Yugoslavia ended the most destructive set of regional conflicts and humanitarian disasters in Europe since World War II.
A series of unexpected circumstances placed me at the heart of the US crisis-management process during the disintegration of Yugoslavia from 1995 until the independence of Kosovo in 2008. I left the US Army in 1994 as a colonel in the Pentagon, where I held the position of deputy J-2 (Intelligence) on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. As the end of my military career drew near, I began searching for follow-on work in Washington, DC, in the field of current intelligence or foreign policy. When Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Walter B. Slocombe hired me as a civilian to lead the Balkan Task Force in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, I never imagined the adventures ahead of me as the series of crises unfolded in the former Yugoslavia.
While I served as director of the Balkan Task Force, a major shift in US policy toward Bosnia and a tragic accident near Sarajevo propelled me into American diplomacy and policy development at the highest levels. I was to remain deeply involved in the US diplomatic and political-military policy in the Balkan region for the next thirteen years.
In that adventure, I saw American diplomacy and political-military policy making firsthand in a variety of situations, ranging from war termination in Bosnia to war prevention in Macedonia. This book is my account of those events, the leaders involved, the decisions they made, and how they made them as America and its allies struggled with the humanitarian tragedies and the security issues in the former Yugoslavia.
I thought carefully before using the word genocide in the title of this book. Genocide is a powerful term that recalls the horrific brutality against the Jews in Europe during World War II. After the war, the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide established genocide as acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group. Violence meeting those standards in the town of Srebrenica, Bosnia, in 1995 produced the US-led international intervention in Bosnia, which ended war crimes in Bosnia and brought many perpetrators of genocide to justice in a recognized international court. The intervention also prevented other war crimes in Kosovo and potentially Macedonia. I chose to highlight the term genocide because one of the most important legacies of the international intervention in the former Yugoslavia is the knowledge that those who commit genocide, including heads of state and government, military leaders and civilians, can be held legally accountable for their decisions and actions.
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