Grégoire Mallard - Fallout nuclear diplomacy in an age of global fracture

Grgoire Mallard is associate professor in the Department of Anthropology and Sociology of Development at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva.

The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637

The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London

2014 by The University of Chicago

All rights reserved. Published 2014.

Printed in the United States of America

23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 1 2 3 4 5

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-15789-4 (cloth)

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-15792-4 (e-book)

DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226157924.001.0001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mallard, Grgoire, 1977 author.

Fallout : nuclear diplomacy in an age of global fracture / Grgoire Mallard.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-226-15789-4 (cloth : alkaline paper) ISBN 978-0-226-15792-4 (e-book)

1. Nuclear nonproliferationInternational cooperationHistory. 2. TreatiesInterpretation and constructionHistory20th century. 3. DiplomacyHistory20th century. I. Title.

JZ5675.M35 2014

327.1'747dc23

2014000141

This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

Nuclear Diplomacy in an Age of Global Fracture

GRGOIRE MALLARD

The University of Chicago Press

Chicago and London

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I finished writing this book in the hills of Tuscany, where I spent the academic year 201112 at the European University Institute. At the institute, unsurprisingly, I was a Jean Monnet fellow. For those who believe that the production of knowledge is situated in a social context, this will not come as a surprise: Jean Monnet, the main protagonist in the following story, was responsible for the creation of this institute; another important player, Max Kohnstamm, Monnets assistant for many years, acted as the first president of the institute. Furthermore, in 2012, Miguel Maduro, the director of the Global Governance Programme, gave me the opportunity to invite high-level policy makers from the Middle East to meet with officials of the European Community of Atomic Energy (Euratom) and learn from the little-known story of Euratom how a regional nuclear order could be created, and with what effect. The circle seemed to come to a close.

My interest in nuclear nonproliferation policy actually started in September 2001. I had just moved to Princeton when the twin towers were hit on September 11, 2001. What was a tragedy for the United States and many parts of the world shaped my research interests for the next decade. Indeed, it was in the context of collective discussions organized on campus about the merits of the war in Afghanistan that I met some members of the Science and Global Security Program in Princeton, in particular Frank Von Hippel and Zia Mian. After this initial encounter, these nuclear scientists always welcomed the strange presence of a sociologist among them, and their weekly seminars were of tremendous help. They are the ones who consistently pushed me to relate my academic concerns with current policy-making initiatives.

September 11 mattered in another way for me: it was after this attack that US foreign policy makers started to talk about a new hybrid, rogue states that develop nuclear weapons capabilities and harbor terrorists, which, as the Bush doctrine stated, required that the international community take immediate military action against them, whatever the costs, and regardless of doubts about the connections between those states, nuclear weapons, and terrorists. As a sociologist of knowledge, I was intrigued to observe that the policy makers responsible for this new doctrine had sometimes specialized in nuclear nonproliferation, the practice of which requires patience and diplomatic skills, rather than speedy action. I decided to study the sociohistorical genesis of that field of nuclear nonproliferation in the United States. Of course, my research took another direction, but some traces of that initial objective are left in this book.

So many people have helped me overcome my own limitations that I will inevitably forget some of them. But I would never have started this research if Michle Lamont had not invited me, more than ten years ago, to join her at Princeton University. I deeply thank her as well as Bruno Latour, who had the brilliant idea to first introduce us. At Princeton, Kim Lane Scheppele, the director of the Program in Law and Public Affairs, has provided me with the intellectual shelter that I needed to develop my ideas. I had many interesting conversations with the members of the Society of Woodrow Wilson Scholars, which supported my research from 2006 to 2008. At McGill University, a Richard Tomlinson Fellowship allowed me to benefit from constructive discussions with my Canadian colleagues. And in 2009, I was extremely fortunate to join the Department of Sociology at Northwestern University: it proved to be the ideal place to exchange ideas about sociological approaches to international law. I am indebted not only to specific individuals but also to the collective culture of intellectual innovation and interdisciplinary dialogue, which my colleagues have patiently worked to create and preserve there. I want to acknowledge the support of the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences and the Crown Family Middle East Research Awards, which made it possible to complete the research and production of this book. During the five years that I have spent in Chicago, my reflections have also been nourished by the rich conversations I have had with fellows and researchers at the American Bar Foundation.

I am also extremely grateful to Karen Alter, Yves Dezalay, Daniel Halbertsam, Terry Halliday, Gabrielle Hecht, Lucien Karpik, Michle Lamont, Peter Lindseth, Catherine Paradeise, Kim Lane Scheppele, and Robert Wuthnow for their patience as they read and commented upon this manuscript in its different forms (from first draft to final book manuscript). I also owe many thanks to Madeleine Arenivar, Susan J. Cohan, and Andrea Saunderson, who have never grown tired of editing the many different versions of this book. Graduate students (in particular, Carolina Alvarez-Utoft, Savina Balasubramanian, Marco Bocchese, Salvatore Caserta, Anna Hanson, Diana Rodriguez-Franco, and Talia Shiff) provided great feedback on some of the chapters in the context of my Law and Globalization class at Northwestern University.

I also greatly benefited from many informal conversations on a vast array of sociological topics and international relations and international law with: Sameh Aboul Enein, Ken Adler, Alessandra Arcuri, Kai-Henrik Barth, Debbie Becher, Yael Berda, Nehal Bhuta, Pablo Boczkowski, Charles Camic, Bruce Carruthers, Miguel Centeno, Benoit Challand, Arslan Chikhaoui, Antonin Cohen, Avner Cohen, Joseph Cohen, Leo Coleman, Ariel Colonomos, Angela Creager, Paul Doty, Mitch Duneier, Wendy Espeland, Steven Epstein, Gary Fine, Paolo Foradori, Martial Foucault, Marcel and Vincent Fournier, Alexander Glaser, Michael Gordin, Neil Gross, Joshua Guetzkow, Nicolas Guilhot, Hugh Gusterson, John Hagan, John Hall, Carol Heimer, Bastien Hirondelle, Ian Hurd, James Jasper, Caroline Jorant, Alexandra Kalev, Ayman Khalil, Stephen Klement, Pierre Kremp, John Krige, Andrew Lakoff, Vincent Lepinay, Ariel Levite, Michael Loriaux, Ken Luongo, Mikael Rask Madsen, Jim Mahoney, Leslie McCall, Frdric Mrand, Michael Merril, Vincent Mirza, Christoph Mllers, Kelly Moore, Cristina Mora, Seyed Hossein Mousavian, Mahmoud Nasreddine, Robert Nelson, Stephen Nelson, Laura Beth Nielsen, Ann Orloff, Reut Paz, Ashveen Peerbaye, Benoit Pelopidas, Alejandro Portes, Vincent Pouliot, Monica Prasad, Hassan Rahmouni, Christophe Robert, Daniel Sabbagh, Stephen Schwartz, Julien Seroussi, Jrme Sgard, Mohamed Shaker, Graziella Silva, Augustin Simard, Patrick Simon, Anna Sodersten, Etel Solingen, Hendrik Spruyt, Laura Stark, Chana Teeger, Stamatios Tsalas, Antoine Vauchez, Pascal Vennesson, Jim Walsh, Nicholas Wheeler, Ipek Yosmaoglu, Viviana Zelizer; as well as Franoise, Pierre-Hilaire, and Antoine Mallard. The staffs of the Archives of the European Communities in Florence and Mudd Library in Princeton University have also provided me with invaluable advice and material help.