PREFACE
This book results from a fascination with what made Americas industrial cities so prosperous in the past, and with why they declined so precipitously in the twentieth century. Specifically, how could Philadelphia capitalists carve out such a prominent place in the economic geography of the nineteenth century and then fail to sustain this position? Urban historians have explored the effects (more than the causes) of economic decline, tracing how the flight of people and capital set cities like Baltimore, Detroit, and Philadelphia on a downward spiral, especially after World War II. We have done less to explain how people organized the economic development of these places in the nineteenth century and then what went wrong in the early twentieth.
Most historians study economic change through the story of a single company, institution, or sector. By contrast, this book takes the form of a biography of a family of millers, mechanics, manufacturers, engineers, and a corporate titan or two, the Sellers family, descendants of an English farmer and weaver of wire who landed in Philadelphia in 1682. Unlike more traditional biographers, I am concerned less with the familys personal lives and more with what its members illuminate about the city and region around them. Following mostly the men in the family through various realms of public and private life offers a way to trace the overlapping networks of people, businesses, and institutions through which different interests aligned to influence the citys development across distinct chapters of its history.
This is a metropolitan study, a frame of analysis that captures two interrelated scales and spheres of activity: the individual urban region and the connections and interaction between regions. Following the Sellers family makes this mainly a story about Philadelphia. However, they also traveled, did business, built infrastructure, and in some cases resided in other cities of the Northeast, Midwest, South, Europe, Latin America, and Australia. Some of their inventions, plans, and investments helped establish formative patterns of urban and economic development. Hence, this is also a broader story about the ways in which national and international networksof people, businesses, institutions, information, and infrastructureemerged and evolved to create industrial cities and define their place in world.
In the broad scope of their public and private pursuits, the Sellerses illuminate the planning, growth, and decline of industrial cities. The engineers in the family reflect a common pattern among nineteenth-century manufacturers and elite engineers, a sustained effort to influence the course of urban economic, social, and physical development around them. Like other capitalists and designers of the material world, they were deeply engaged in urban planning before it became a profession in the twentieth century. They played important parts in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century movements and institutions that established agendas for urban development and reform and thereby became the intellectual foundations of early city and regional planning. Through varied interventions of economic developmentthat is, by planningthey sought to impact economic development in a broader sense, through the growth of industrial capitalism.
Family members work in firms and institutions covered the diverse dimensions of metropolitan economic development (in both planners and economists terms). These included involvement in developing technologies, businesses, entire sectors of industry, factories, infrastructure, and real estate, as well as leadership of institutions that influenced education, labor, public policy, and the relationships between different sectors. Economic development meant different things across generations, and the roles of the Sellerses and allied capitalists shifted consequently. What remained constant for some two centuries, though, was their concerted effort to shape these various dimensions of public and private life, usually all at the same time.
As with most families, the Sellerses record has strengths and silences, shining greater light on particular people, places, firms, organizations, and issues in different eras. The continuous analytical thread that we can follow concerns how the engineers in the family sought to determine the course of economic planning and growth in Philadelphia and other cities across more than two centuries. I have chosen to tell the familys story principally around four individualsNathan, Escol, Coleman, and William Sellersas their records and life stories intersect the greatest number and scope of business and institutional activities. They were also, not coincidentally, the most important engineers in the family, and those most deeply engaged in civic institutions and in major projects of technology and infrastructure.
The evidence for much of the book exists thanks partly to Samuel Clemens and especially his friend, Hartford newspaperman Charles Dudley Warner, who first incited Escol Sellers and his nephew Horace Wells Sellers to collect, write, and preserve their familys history. The introduction and chapters 1 and 2 are based on Escols memoirs and especially the trove of letters and notebooks, including those of his grandfather Nathan, that Horace assembled beginning in the late nineteenth century. Escols youngest brother, Coleman, and their second cousin William are the central characters of the remainder of the book. Their stories are based less on personal records, most of which apparently do not survive, and more on the ledgers of companies, engineering literature, and minutes of institutions. Maps, deeds, and other real estate records help illustrate the metropolitan geography shaped by each generation.
The chapters of the book survey the ways that mechanics, surveyors, and engineers sought to and did influence economic and urban development at various scales and across different eras of history. In the late seventeenth and eighteenth century, Nathan and his father and grandfathers generations illuminate how Philadelphians tied urbanization to industrialization, organizing to shape entire sectors, economic and social policy, and the infrastructure to support a diverse and dispersed metropolitan economy. In the early nineteenth century, the Sellerses played important roles in the transition to industrial ways of work, production, and city building. Chapter 1 examines how these manufacturers and surveyors established patterns of business, institutional, and urban development that made Philadelphia a metropolitan center with a prominentand distinctly industrialplace in the colonial Atlantic and early national economy. Chapter 2 follows Escols generation as they sought to shape the expansion of the United States, as urbanization and industrializationand their relative absence and failures in certain regions, especially the Southdefined a new economic geography in the decades before the Civil War.
William and Colemans careers in the second half of the nineteenth century show how engineers and their allies developed formative technologies, theories, and methods of planning and building industrial cities. Chapter 3 examines their machine-tool works and its impacts on the rationalization of factories and urban growth in the mid-nineteenth century. Chapter 4 traces the complex of institutions through which the Sellerses and their allies influenced regional economic development and pre-Progressive urbanism during and after the Civil War. Chapter 5 explores Williams postwar ownership of Midvale Steel and how it influenced new corporate patterns of industry and economic development, including the rise of the military-industrial complex and national capitalism. Chapter 6 charts the Sellerses diverse and often lasting impacts on the metropolitan built environment in the late nineteenth century.