COMMUNITY PRACTICE SKILLS
Dorothy N. Gamble
and Marie Weil
COMMUNITY
PRACTICE SKILLS
LOCAL TO GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
NEW YORK
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
Publishers Since 1893
New York Chichester, West Sussex
cup.columbia.edu
Copyright 2010 Columbia University Press
All rights reserved
E-ISBN 978-0-231-52092-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gamble, Dorothy N.
Community practice skills : local to global perspectives / Dorothy N. Gamble and Marie Weil.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-231-11002-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-231-11003-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Community-based social services. 2. Community organization. 3. Community development. I. Weil, Marie, 1941 II. Title.
HV40.G346 2009
361dc22 2009027820
A Columbia University Press E-book.
CUP would be pleased to hear about your reading experience with this e-book at
We dedicate this volume to those who keep us grounded and to our mentors.
Dee Gamble:
To George, who keeps me grounded but reminds me I am a citizen of the whole earth.
To Charles, who keeps me soaring but reminds me of the importance of a sense of place.
and
Mildred RingwaltQuaker meeting member in Chapel Hill who, while in her seventies, attended welfare mothers meetings with me every Wednesday evening, sometimes in unheated buildings. An organizer always needs a partner who can help you keep your balance.
Charlotte Adams, Lucy Straley, Sadie Hughley, Tan Schwab, and other women who were leaders in the Womens International League for Peace and FreedomOrange/Durham Chapter. They showed me that you can keep a steady passion for peace and justice your whole life and do so with humor and humility.
Hortense McClintonFirst African American faculty member at the UNCChapel Hill School of Social Work. All the reading and previous experience I had in civil rights did not touch my soul as deeply as her telling me the tragic story of Emmett Till.
Marie Weil:
To Charlie, whose support and encouragement are invaluable.
To David and Kristen, who keep me focused on what mattersand on the promise of the future.
and
Anne E. QueenEmeritus Director, YMCA, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Human rights champion, civil rights leader.
Eleanor RyderEmeritus Faculty, School of Social Work, University of Pennsylvania; Community practice teacher who guided with compassion and wisdom.
Michael BlumDirector Emeritus, Nationality Services Center, Philadelphia; Community practitioner and field instructor extraordinaire.
Paul SchreiberDean Emeritus, Hunter College School of Social Work, CUNY; Social justice visionaryscholar, mentor, and inspiration.
Barbara B. SolomonProvost Emeritus and Social Work Professor, University of Southern California; Empowerment practice embodiedmentor for work and life
and
To our students, to community leaders, past and present, and to readers who will carry on the mission of community practice.
CONTENTS
O ur journey to completing this book is filled with both unique and familiar paths. Both of us came of age in professional social work in the 1960s. Dorothy Dee Gamble had just returned from two years in the Peace Corps, doing urban community development in Bucaramanga, Colombia, and enrolled in the Columbia University School of Social Work to focus on community organization. Marie Weil had worked with tribal members on the Tule River Indian Reservation in California, with the civil rights movement in North Carolina, done needs assessment work in very low-income communities in Philadelphia, and enrolled in the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work with a major in community organization. We both had work experience in settlement houses during our graduate education, Gamble at Hartley House in New York City, Weil at University Settlement and Lutheran Settlement in Philadelphia.
As we engaged with our social work graduate studies and the communities surrounding Columbia and the University of Pennsylvania, we both became involved in civil, social, and economic rights movements. The continuing struggle for dignity among African Americans, Native Americans, Latinos/as, Asian Americans, women, the urban and rural poor, and those struggling with developmental delays had a profound effect on both of us as we saw people ignored, insulted, beaten, and even murdered for pursuing their human rights in one of the most respected democracies in the world.
These were the years before curb-cuts made it possible for people in wheelchairs to move about in cities and towns. These were also the years when many African Americans could not vote or apply to many universities; when mixed-race marriages were illegal in sixteen of the United States; when President John F. Kennedy, his brother Robert Kennedy, and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. were all assassinated. Informing and stimulating our passion for social work was the opportunity to participate in newly funded War on Poverty organizations such as Mobilization for Youth and citizens groups focused on creating educational opportunity for African Americans. We were privileged to work beside courageous people struggling for human rights for their children and themselves, and to connect with historical as well as current theories, concepts, and models for community organization in the literature.
Gamble completed her masters degree at Columbia University and, after working with Head Start on Manhattans Lower East Side, took a position in North Carolina to do rural community development and later worked with the Welfare Rights Organization. During the mid-1970s she spent two years in Venezuela working with International Social Service, after which she returned to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill to teach community organization at the School of Social Work and volunteer with the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), among other organizations.
Weil completed her masters degree in social work and worked first at University Settlement and then as deputy director of the Delaware Office of Economic Opportunity and the Wilmington Delaware Housing Authority, before studying for her doctorate at Hunter College/CUNY School of Social Work in New York City. After completing her degree, she joined the faculty at the School of Social Work of the University of Southern California where she engaged in consultation, research, and collaborative work with multiple Asian American communities, the Vietnamese refugee community, Latino groups, and pregnant and parenting adolescents. She also worked to develop services for women who were victims of domestic violence or rape/sexual assault.
During these years both of us worked in multicultural settings, sometimes finding ourselves the only Caucasian and the only woman in various programs and new projects. We both gained strong respect for grassroots community leaders and paraprofessionals and received profound lessons from the tenacity and courage of these wise street-level social advocates. We both married, raised our sons, and learned to juggle the double joys and demands of family and professional obligations.
In 1988 we met for the first time as faculty members at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Social Work, when Weil accepted the associate dean position. We connected on several levels. Both of us had grown up in humble surroundings, Weil in a working-class family in Raleigh, North Carolina, Gamble on a small farm in northeastern Colorado. We shared a passion for social justice and community work stimulated in part by past experiences. We also both understood that as women, taking a strong social justice approach in social work could be perceived as aggressive and would present some challenges. Our similar backgrounds naturally led to our discussion of current social problems and practice concepts. We both taught courses relating to community, planning, policy, and social administration in the School of Social Work and collaborated on many projects. Seven years later we proposed the first version of the eight models of community practice that is the focus of this book.