Ivy Kuszewski - Hopi

Published in 2016 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.

29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010

Copyright 2016 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer.

First Edition

Editor: Karolena Bielecki

Book Design: Kris Everson

Reviewed by: Robert J. Conley, Former Sequoyah Distinguished Professor at Western

Carolina University and Director of Native American Studies at Morningside College and Montana State University

Supplemental material reviewed by: Donald A. Grinde, Jr., Professor of Transnational/American Studies at the State University of New York at Buffalo.

Photo Credits: Time & Life Pictures.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kuszewski, Ivy.

Hopi / Ivy Kuszewski.

pages cm. (Spotlight on Native Americans)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4994-1661-9 (pbk.)

ISBN 978-1-4994-1660-2 (6 pack)

ISBN 978-1-4994-1663-3 (library binding)

1. Hopi IndiansHistoryJuvenile literature. 2. Hopi IndiansSocial life and customsJuvenile literature. I. Title.

E99.H7K89 2015

979.100497458dc23

2015007810

Manufactured in the United States of America

CPSIA Compliance Information: Batch #WS15PK: For Further Information contact Rosen Publishing, New York, New York at 1-800-237-9932

CONTENTS

THE PEACEFUL PEOPLE

CHAPTER 1

The word Hopi has been defined as peaceful people, righteous, or virtuous. The westernmost group of : First Mesa, Second Mesa, and Third Mesa. The Hopis have lived in this area for at least 1,000 years. 5

According to Hopi traditional beliefs, Tawa, the Sun Spirit, created all people. Gogyeng Sowuhti, known as the Spider Grandmother, and the boy warrior gods, named Pokanghoya and Polongahoya, led the people with good hearts into the Fourth World (this world). Evil people were left behind in the Third World, found beneath this one. The good people climbed a reed through a hole in the sky. The Fourth World was empty except for Masauwu, the god of fire and death, who welcomed them.

Yawpa, the mockingbird, divided the people into different tribes. These tribes traveled to find their homes. The Hopis settled in an area that is now called Black Mesa, Arizona.

Called the oldest people by other tribes, Hopis have lived for centuries in the dry, open countryside called the Black Mesa in Arizona.

A LONG HISTORY

CHAPTER 2

For 850 years, Hopis have lived in Oraibi, Arizona, the oldest surviving settlement in the United States. The Hopis successfully farmed corn in the desert landscape. They mined coal for baking pottery, cooking, and heating. The people built , underground rooms, for complex ceremonies. They also defended themselves against raids by Navajos and other Native American tribes.

In 1540, Hopis in Oraibis neighboring town of Awatovi met the Spanish explorer Pedro de Tovar. Sent to find gold, de Tovar discovered the Hopis had none and left.

In 1629, priests arrived in Awatovi and built a Christian . They had little effect on Hopi traditional beliefs. However, the people in the mission introduced new livestock, crops, and metal tools to the Hopis.

In 1680, the Hopis joined with other Pueblo peoples in the Pueblo .

Explorer Francisco Vsquez de Coronado and his soldiers crossed the southwestern United States in search of the fabled Seven Cities of Gold in 1540 at the request of the king of Spain, who had heard rumors of great riches north of Mexico.

CONTACT WITH AMERICANS

CHAPTER 3

In 1846, the United States and Mexico began a war over which country held present-day Texas. When the United States won the war in 1848, it gained a vast amount of territory, including Texas, California, Nevada, Utah, and most of Arizona as well as parts of other present-day U.S. states. Hopi lands thus became a part of the United States.

In 1849, the U.S. government named John Calhoun to act as Indian agent and govern the southwestern tribes. Then, in 1874, the Keams Canyon government agency was built, as were three Christian missions. Without consulting the Hopis, President Chester Arthur established a reservation, where all members of the tribe were supposed to live, in 1882. However, the new Hopi reservation covered only one-tenth of their traditional lands.

The creation of a at Keams Canyon in 1887 deeply affected traditional Hopi society. Hopi children were forced to attend the school, where they learned the English language and American customs. Congress passed the Dawes Severalty Act the same year, requiring tribes to divide their reservation and give each family one piece of land. The traditional Hopis fought this law, and many were sent to prison. In the end, the Hopis kept their reservation whole.

Hopi men traveled to Santa Fe, New Mexico, to ask John Calhoun, Indian agent and later governor of the territory, for help in defending themselves against Navajo raids.

HOPI LIFE IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

CHAPTER 4

During the early 1900s, disagreements among the Hopis created the worst problems the tribe had yet faced. Hopis divided into two different sides: the U.S. government reports named them the Friendlies and the Hostiles. The Friendlies were in favor of learning English and cooperating with the government. Today, they are called Progressives. Called the Traditionalists today, the Hostiles did not want any changes to the Hopi lifestyle.

The traditional Pueblo Indian architecture of Old Oraibi featured an and stone apartment building. Hopis could climb to the top floor by stone stairs or by ladder.

In 1906, Youkeoma, leader of the Hostiles, drew a line in the sand and said that he and his people would leave Oraibi if the Friendlies leader, Tewaquaptewa, could push him across the line. After a long pushing contest, he was pushed over the line, and the Hostiles left Oraibi to begin a new traditional village called Hotevilla. Oraibi continued to lose people until it became a dying village of only 100 people instead of a lively center of 600.

The 1934 Indian Reorganization Act provided a way for Native American nations to establish their own tribal government; each tribe voted whether to accept the act. Though most Hopis refused to vote in the tribal election, the Hopi Tribal Council was formed in 1936. The council functioned only occasionally until the 1950s.

HOPI LIFE IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY

CHAPTER 5

With World War II (19391945) came an increase in the number of Hopis moving off the reservation. Some fought in the war, while some left the reservation to provide other services to the country, such as nursing or working in factories to aid the war effort.

The tribal council was revived in the 1950s to deal with outsiders, such as U.S. government officials and other non-Hopis, but the 12 Hopi villages each governed themselves. All but one of the villages favored the traditional Hopi form of government, which was led by a